417 entries
Deposit and Credit Guarantee FundDCGFनिक्षेप तथा कर्जा सुरक्षण कोषThe Deposit and Credit Guarantee Fund is the government-owned body that insures small depositors' money in banks and financial institutions and guarantees certain loans to small and medium enterprises, agriculture, microfinance and exports.InstitutionsDevaluationअवमूल्यनDevaluation is a deliberate official reduction in the value of a currency under a fixed or pegged exchange rate system; revaluation is the opposite.Forex & Trade FinanceDevelopment Bondविकास ऋणपत्रA development bond is a long-term government bond, issued with a fixed coupon for several years, to finance development spending.Economy & MarketsDigital Walletडिजिटल वालेटA digital wallet is an electronic account, usually on a mobile app, that stores prepaid money (e-money) and lets users make payments and transfers.Payments & Digital BankingDirect Debitप्रत्यक्ष डेबिटA direct debit is a payment in which the payee, with the payer's prior authorisation (mandate), collects money directly from the payer's bank account.Payments & Digital BankingDocuments against AcceptanceDAAस्वीकृतिविरुद्ध कागजातDocuments against acceptance is a documentary collection in which the shipping documents are released to the importer when the importer accepts a usance bill of exchange promising to pay on a future date.Forex & Trade FinanceDocuments against PaymentDAPभुक्तानीविरुद्ध कागजातDocuments against payment is a documentary collection in which the importer's bank releases the shipping documents to the importer only after the importer pays the bill.Forex & Trade FinanceDormant Accountनिष्क्रिय खाताA deposit account that the bank has classified as inactive because the customer has made no transactions for the period NRB prescribes.Deposits & AccountsDouble Entry Systemदोहोरो लेखा प्रणालीThe double entry system records every transaction in at least two accounts, with equal debit and credit amounts.Profitability & Financial AnalysisDoubtful Loanशंकास्पद कर्जाA doubtful loan is a non-performing loan overdue by 6 months to 1 year, where full recovery is highly uncertain, requiring at least a 50% provision.Asset QualityDrawer, Drawee and Payeeड्रअर, ड्रयी र भुक्तानी पाउने व्यक्तिThe three basic parties to a bill of exchange or cheque: the drawer who writes it, the drawee who is directed to pay, and the payee who is to receive payment.Cheques & InstrumentsDuPont Analysisडुपोन्ट विश्लेषणDuPont analysis breaks return on equity into profit margin, asset turnover and financial leverage to show what drives it.Profitability & Financial AnalysisECL Staging (Stage 1, 2 and 3)ईसीएल स्टेजिङ (स्टेज १, २ र ३)ECL staging is the NFRS 9 method of placing loans in Stage 1, 2 or 3 according to the change in credit risk since they were first recognised, which decides whether 12-month or lifetime expected loss is booked.Asset QualityEMV Chip CardEMVईएमभी चिप कार्डAn EMV chip card is a payment card with an embedded microchip that follows the global EMV standard, generating a unique cryptogram for each transaction to prevent counterfeiting.Payments & Digital BankingEconomic Impact of Remittanceविप्रेषणको आर्थिक प्रभावThe economic impact of remittance refers to how money sent home by migrant workers affects household income, consumption, poverty, the balance of payments, banking liquidity and the wider economy.Economy & MarketsEconomic Liberalisation and Globalisationआर्थिक उदारीकरण र विश्वव्यापीकरणEconomic liberalisation is reducing government controls so markets and the private sector play a larger role; globalisation is the growing integration of national economies through trade, investment, finance, technology and people.Economy & MarketsElectronic Cheque Clearing (ECC)ECCविद्युतीय चेक क्लियरिङ (ईसीसी)Nepal's image-based, MICR cheque processing and settlement system, operated by Nepal Clearing House Limited, in which cheque images and data, not paper cheques, move between banks.Cheques & InstrumentsElectronic Fund TransferEFTविद्युतीय रकमान्तरElectronic fund transfer is any transfer of money from one account to another through electronic systems rather than paper instruments such as cheques or drafts.Payments & Digital BankingEndorsementदरपीठSigning on the front or back of a negotiable instrument, or on an attached slip, for the purpose of negotiating it (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(थ)).Cheques & InstrumentsEnhanced Customer Due DiligenceECDDबृहत् ग्राहक पहिचानEnhanced due diligence is a stricter level of customer due diligence applied to high-risk customers, requiring extra verification of source of funds, purpose and closer monitoring.Risk & ComplianceEquated Monthly Instalment (EMI)EMIसम मासिक किस्ता (ईएमआई)An EMI is a fixed amount a borrower pays every month, covering both interest and part of the principal, so that the loan is fully repaid by the end of the term.Loans & CreditEquity Share (Ordinary Share)साधारण शेयरAn equity share is a unit of ownership in a company that gives its holder voting rights and a share of profits through dividends, with a residual claim on assets after all creditors are paid.Economy & MarketsEscrow Serviceएस्क्रो सेवाAn escrow service is an arrangement in which a neutral third party, often a bank, holds money or documents until agreed conditions between buyer and seller are fulfilled.Payments & Digital BankingExcess Liquidityअधिक तरलताA situation in which banks hold more loanable funds and reserves than they can lend or invest profitably, beyond what regulation and prudence require.LiquidityExchange Equalization Fundसटही समीकरण कोषA statutory reserve that a bank dealing in foreign exchange builds from revaluation gains on foreign currency holdings, to cushion future exchange rate losses.Capital & BaselExchange Rateविनिमय दरAn exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency.Forex & Trade FinanceExpected Credit Loss (ECL)ECLअपेक्षित कर्जा नोक्सानी (ईसीएल)Expected credit loss is the probability-weighted estimate of credit losses over a loan's life, measured under NFRS 9 so that banks provide for losses before default rather than after.Asset QualityExposure at Default (EAD)EADडिफल्टका बेलाको कर्जा जोखिम रकमExposure at default is the amount a bank expects to be owed by a borrower at the time the borrower defaults, including undrawn limits that are likely to be used.Asset QualityFATF Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring)FATF ग्रे सूची (बढ्दो निगरानीमा रहेका मुलुक)The grey list is the FATF's public list of jurisdictions that have strategic AML/CFT/CPF deficiencies and have committed to resolve them within agreed timeframes under increased FATF monitoring.Risk & ComplianceFactoringफ्याक्टरिङFactoring is a financial service in which a business sells its short-term trade receivables to a factor at a discount in exchange for immediate cash, often with collection and credit protection services.Forex & Trade FinanceFactors of Productionउत्पादनका साधनFactors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services: land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship.Economy & MarketsFinancial Action Task ForceFATFवित्तीय कारबाही कार्यदलThe FATF is the global inter-governmental body that sets international standards (the FATF Recommendations) against money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing, and publicly lists countries with strategic deficiencies.Risk & ComplianceFinancial Derivativesवित्तीय डेरिभेटिभA financial derivative is a contract whose value depends on (is derived from) the price of an underlying asset such as a currency, interest rate, share, index or commodity.Economy & MarketsFinancial Inclusionवित्तीय समावेशीकरणMaking useful and affordable formal financial services such as accounts, payments, credit, insurance and remittance available to all people and businesses, and encouraging them to use those services.Banking BasicsFinancial Information UnitFIU-Nepalवित्तीय जानकारी इकाईFIU-Nepal is the national agency, housed in Nepal Rastra Bank, that receives, analyses and disseminates suspicious and threshold transaction reports related to money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing.Risk & ComplianceFinancial Literacyवित्तीय साक्षरताThe knowledge, skills, attitude and behaviour people need to make sound decisions about earning, saving, borrowing, investing and protecting money.Banking BasicsFinancial Ratiosवित्तीय अनुपातहरूFinancial ratios express one figure from the financial statements in relation to another so that performance, liquidity, solvency and value can be compared across periods and institutions.Profitability & Financial AnalysisFinancial Sector ReformFSRवित्तीय क्षेत्र सुधारFinancial sector reform is a set of policy, legal and institutional changes to make the financial system more competitive, stable, efficient and inclusive.Economy & MarketsFinancial Systemवित्तीय प्रणालीThe financial system is the network of institutions, markets, instruments, regulators and infrastructure that moves funds from savers to borrowers and provides payment and risk-sharing services.Economy & MarketsFintechफिनटेकFintech refers to the use of technology to deliver or improve financial services, and to the companies that do so.Payments & Digital BankingFiscal (Budget) Deficitबजेट घाटाA fiscal deficit occurs when total government expenditure exceeds total revenue and grants in a year; it shows how much the government must borrow.Economy & MarketsFiscal Policyवित्त नीतिThe government's use of taxation, public expenditure and borrowing to influence economic activity, income distribution and stability.Monetary Policy & NRBFive Cs of Creditकर्जाका पाँच 'सी'The five Cs of credit are Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral and Conditions, the five factors a lender examines to judge a borrower's creditworthiness.Loans & CreditFixed DepositFDमुद्दती निक्षेपA deposit kept with a bank for a fixed period at an agreed interest rate, repayable with interest at maturity.Deposits & AccountsFixed Interest Rateस्थिर ब्याजदरA fixed interest rate stays the same for the agreed period of the loan, regardless of changes in the bank's base rate or market rates.Loans & CreditFloating Interest Rateपरिवर्तनशील ब्याजदरA floating interest rate moves up or down with a benchmark; in Nepal the benchmark is the bank's base rate plus a fixed premium.Loans & CreditForeign Direct InvestmentFDIप्रत्यक्ष विदेशी लगानीForeign direct investment is investment by a foreign entity that gives it a lasting interest and significant influence or control over an enterprise in another country.Forex & Trade FinanceForeign ExchangeForex / FXविदेशी विनिमयForeign exchange refers to foreign currencies and claims payable in foreign currency, and to the conversion of one currency into another.Forex & Trade FinanceForeign Exchange Reserveविदेशी विनिमय सञ्चितिForeign exchange reserves are external assets, such as foreign currencies, gold and SDRs, held by the central bank and the banking system to meet international payment needs and support the currency.Forex & Trade FinanceForeign Exchange Riskविदेशी विनिमय जोखिमForeign exchange risk is the risk that changes in exchange rates reduce a bank's income or capital because of mismatches between its foreign currency assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceForeign Tradeवैदेशिक व्यापारForeign trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders through exports and imports; the gap between exports and imports is the trade balance.Economy & MarketsForfaitingफरफेटिङForfaiting is the purchase by a bank or forfaiter of an exporter's medium-term receivables, usually guaranteed by the importer's bank, at a discount and without recourse to the exporter.Forex & Trade FinanceForward Contractफरवार्ड सम्झौताA forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specified amount of foreign currency at a rate fixed today, for settlement on a future date.Forex & Trade FinanceFunctions of a Commercial Bankवाणिज्य बैंकका कार्यहरूThe primary, agency and general utility services a commercial bank provides, centred on accepting deposits and lending, plus payment, remittance and other services.Banking BasicsFund-based and Non-fund-based Creditकोषमा आधारित र गैरकोषमा आधारित कर्जाFund-based credit involves an actual outflow of the bank's money, such as loans and overdrafts; non-fund-based credit is a commitment, such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee, that becomes a loan only if the customer fails to pay.Loans & CreditGeneral Loan Loss Provisionसामान्य कर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाGeneral loan loss provision is the provision kept on performing (pass and watchlist) loans to cover losses that are not yet identified in specific loans.Asset QualityGeneral Reserveसाधारण जगेडा कोषA statutory reserve that every bank and financial institution must build from its annual net profit under the Bank and Financial Institution Act. It forms part of Common Equity Tier 1 capital.Capital & BaselGold and Silver Loanसुनचाँदी धितो कर्जाA gold and silver loan is a loan secured by pledging gold or silver ornaments, bars or coins, which the bank tests, values and keeps in its vault.Loans & CreditGood for Payment ChequeGFPगुड फर पेमेन्ट चेकA customer's cheque on which the drawee bank certifies, at the holder's request, that funds are available and reserved, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsGovernment BudgetबजेटThe government budget is the annual statement of the government's estimated revenue and expenditure, and how any deficit will be financed, presented to and approved by Parliament.Economy & Markets