Double Entry System

The double entry system rests on the dual aspect concept: every transaction has two equal and opposite effects. If cash is received from a customer, cash increases (debit) and the customer's balance or income increases (credit). Because total debits always equal total credits, the accounting equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity always holds.

Accounts are traditionally classified as personal, real and nominal, each with its golden rule. In the modern approach, debits increase assets and expenses, while credits increase liabilities, equity and income.

The accounting cycle under double entry is: source document and voucher → journal (book of original entry) → ledger posting → trial balance → adjustments → final accounts (profit and loss account and balance sheet).

Benefits include a complete record of both aspects of each transaction, an arithmetic check through the trial balance, the ability to prepare financial statements and better control against fraud. Banks run double-entry accounting automatically in the core banking system, with a general ledger for every product and a daily trial balance.

दोहोरो लेखा प्रणाली दोहोरो पक्षको अवधारणामा आधारित छ: प्रत्येक कारोबारका दुई बराबर र विपरीत असर हुन्छन्। कुल डेबिट र कुल क्रेडिट सधैं बराबर हुने भएकाले सम्पत्ति = दायित्व + स्वपुँजी समीकरण कायम रहन्छ।

परम्परागत रूपमा खाता व्यक्तिगत, वास्तविक र नाममात्र गरी वर्गीकरण हुन्छन्। आधुनिक तरिकामा डेबिटले सम्पत्ति र खर्च बढाउँछ; क्रेडिटले दायित्व, स्वपुँजी र आम्दानी बढाउँछ।

लेखा चक्र: भौचर → जर्नल → खाता खतौनी → परीक्षण सन्तुलन → समायोजन → अन्तिम हिसाब। बैंकमा कोर बैंकिङ प्रणालीले स्वचालित रूपमा दोहोरो लेखा राख्छ।