Fund-based and Non-fund-based Credit
कोषमा आधारित र गैरकोषमा आधारित कर्जा
Also called Funded and non-funded facilities, Off-balance-sheet credit
Fund-based credit involves an actual outflow of the bank's money, such as loans and overdrafts; non-fund-based credit is a commitment, such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee, that becomes a loan only if the customer fails to pay.
Explained
Fund-based: term loans, overdrafts, working capital loans, trust receipt loans, bills purchased and discounted, hire purchase. They appear on the balance sheet as loans and advances and earn interest.
Non-fund-based: letters of credit, bank guarantees (bid, performance, advance payment), acceptances and commitments. They are off-balance-sheet contingent liabilities and earn commission. When the bank has to pay on behalf of the customer, the amount becomes a forced loan.
NRB treatment
- The single obligor limit counts both fund-based and non-fund-based facilities.
- An LC, guarantee or other contingent liability that turns into a forced loan and is not recovered within 90 days must be classified as loss.
- Non-fund-based exposures are converted to credit equivalents with credit conversion factors for capital adequacy and ECL.
कोषमा आधारित कर्जामा बैंकको वास्तविक रकम बाहिर जान्छ (जस्तै कर्जा, अधिविकर्ष); गैरकोषमा आधारित सुविधा भनेको प्रतीतपत्र वा बैंक जमानत जस्ता प्रतिबद्धता हुन्, जुन ग्राहकले नतिरेमा मात्र कर्जामा परिणत हुन्छन्।
व्याख्या
कोषमा आधारित: आवधिक कर्जा, अधिविकर्ष, चालु पुँजी कर्जा, ट्रष्ट रिसिट कर्जा, बिल्स खरिद तथा डिस्काउन्ट, हायरपर्चेज। यी वासलातमा कर्जा सापटका रूपमा देखिन्छन् र ब्याज आर्जन गर्छन्।
गैरकोषमा आधारित: प्रतीतपत्र, बैंक जमानत (बिड, परफर्मेन्स, अग्रिम भुक्तानी), स्वीकृति र प्रतिबद्धता। यी वासलातबाहिरका सम्भावित दायित्व हुन् र कमिशन आर्जन गर्छन्। ग्राहकको तर्फबाट बैंकले भुक्तानी गर्नुपरेमा त्यो रकम फोर्स्ड लोन बन्छ।
नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकको व्यवहार
- एकल ग्राहक सीमामा कोषमा आधारित र गैरकोषमा आधारित दुवै सुविधा गनिन्छन्।
- प्रतीतपत्र, जमानत वा अन्य सम्भावित दायित्व फोर्स्ड लोनमा परिणत भई ९० दिनसम्म असुल नभए खराब वर्गमा राख्नुपर्छ।
- पुँजी पर्याप्तता र ईसीएल गणनामा गैरकोष सुविधालाई कर्जा रूपान्तरण गुणक लगाएर कर्जा बराबरीमा बदलिन्छ।
Related
Sources
- NRB Unified Directive 2082 for Class A, B and C licensed institutionsNepal Rastra Bank
- NRB NFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss Related Guidelines, 2024Nepal Rastra Bank
Updated