55 entries
Auction of Collateralधितो लिलामीAuction of collateral is the public sale of a defaulting borrower's pledged or mortgaged property by the bank to recover the unpaid loan.Loans & CreditBase Rateआधार दरThe base rate is the minimum reference interest rate of a bank, worked out from its cost of funds and regulatory costs, on which the bank adds a premium to price its loans.Loans & CreditBills Purchase and Discountingबिल्स खरिद तथा डिस्काउन्टिङBills purchase and discounting is short-term finance in which the bank pays a customer the value of a bill of exchange or trade bill before its due date, after deducting interest (the discount), and collects the full amount on maturity.Loans & CreditBlacklistingकालोसूचीBlacklisting is the listing of a defaulting borrower, and related parties, in the Credit Information Bureau's blacklist, which bars them from getting new loans from any bank or financial institution.Loans & CreditCollateralधितो सुरक्षणCollateral is an asset that a borrower or a third party offers to a lender as security, which the lender can sell to recover the loan if the borrower defaults.Loans & CreditConsortium Financingसह-वित्तीयकरण कर्जाConsortium financing is a loan given jointly by two or more banks to one borrower or project under an agreement, usually with one bank acting as the lead bank.Loans & CreditCredit Appraisalकर्जा विश्लेषण (क्रेडिट मूल्याङ्कन)Credit appraisal is the bank's assessment of a loan proposal, covering the borrower's repayment capacity, financial position, purpose, collateral and risks, before deciding whether and on what terms to lend.Loans & CreditCredit Card Loanक्रेडिट कार्ड कर्जाA credit card loan is the revolving, usually unsecured, credit a bank extends through a credit card, which the cardholder repays in full or in part each billing cycle.Loans & CreditCredit Cycle and Loan Managementकर्जा चक्र तथा कर्जा व्यवस्थापनThe credit cycle is the sequence of steps a loan goes through in a bank, from application and appraisal to sanction, documentation, disbursement, monitoring and final recovery or closure.Loans & CreditCredit Information and Blacklistingकर्जा सूचना तथा कालोसूचीCredit information is the record of borrowers' loans and repayment history that banks share through Credit Information Bureau of Nepal Ltd, which also keeps the blacklist of defaulters.Loans & CreditCredit Ratingक्रेडिट रेटिङ (साख मूल्याङ्कन)A credit rating is an independent assessment by a rating agency of a borrower's or an instrument's ability and willingness to repay debt on time, shown as a letter grade.Loans & CreditDebt Service to Income Ratio (DTI)DTIऋण भुक्तानी आम्दानी अनुपातThe debt service to income ratio compares a borrower's total loan repayments (principal and interest) with his or her gross income over the same period.RatioLoans & CreditDeprived Sector Lendingविपन्न वर्ग कर्जाDeprived sector lending is the minimum share of total loans that NRB requires banks to lend to low-income and socially backward people, directly or through microfinance institutions.RatioLoans & CreditEquated Monthly Instalment (EMI)EMIसम मासिक किस्ता (ईएमआई)An EMI is a fixed amount a borrower pays every month, covering both interest and part of the principal, so that the loan is fully repaid by the end of the term.Loans & CreditFive Cs of Creditकर्जाका पाँच 'सी'The five Cs of credit are Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral and Conditions, the five factors a lender examines to judge a borrower's creditworthiness.Loans & CreditFixed Interest Rateस्थिर ब्याजदरA fixed interest rate stays the same for the agreed period of the loan, regardless of changes in the bank's base rate or market rates.Loans & CreditFloating Interest Rateपरिवर्तनशील ब्याजदरA floating interest rate moves up or down with a benchmark; in Nepal the benchmark is the bank's base rate plus a fixed premium.Loans & CreditFund-based and Non-fund-based Creditकोषमा आधारित र गैरकोषमा आधारित कर्जाFund-based credit involves an actual outflow of the bank's money, such as loans and overdrafts; non-fund-based credit is a commitment, such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee, that becomes a loan only if the customer fails to pay.Loans & CreditGold and Silver Loanसुनचाँदी धितो कर्जाA gold and silver loan is a loan secured by pledging gold or silver ornaments, bars or coins, which the bank tests, values and keeps in its vault.Loans & CreditGrace Period (Moratorium)ग्रेस अवधि (मोराटोरियम)A grace period is the time from loan disbursement until the first instalment falls due, during which the borrower does not repay principal (and sometimes interest).Loans & CreditHire Purchase Loanहायरपर्चेज कर्जाA hire purchase loan finances the purchase of an asset such as a vehicle or machinery, which the buyer uses while paying instalments; ownership passes fully only after the last instalment.Loans & CreditHome Loanआवासीय घर कर्जाA home loan is a loan to an individual to build or buy a house or apartment for own use or for renting out, repaid in instalments from the borrower's income.Loans & CreditHypothecationदृष्टिबन्धक (हाइपोथिकेसन)Hypothecation is a charge on movable assets such as stock, receivables or vehicles given as security, where the borrower keeps both ownership and possession of the goods.Loans & CreditInterest Capitalizationब्याज पुँजीकरणInterest capitalization means adding unpaid interest to the loan principal instead of collecting it in cash, so that the borrower pays it later with the principal.Loans & CreditInterest-subsidised Concessional Loanसहुलियतपूर्ण कर्जा (ब्याज अनुदान कर्जा)A concessional loan is a loan to targeted borrowers, such as commercial farmers, women entrepreneurs and returnee migrants, on which the Government of Nepal pays part of the interest as a subsidy through the bank.Loans & CreditLienलियन (रोक्का राख्ने अधिकार)A lien is a creditor's right to keep possession of a debtor's property or funds until the debtor pays what is owed.Loans & CreditLoan / Creditकर्जा / ऋणA loan is money a bank lends to a borrower on agreed terms, to be repaid with interest within a fixed time. Credit is the wider idea of trust that lets a borrower receive funds or facilities now and pay later.Loans & CreditLoan Guarantee Commissionकर्जा जमानत कमिशनA guarantee commission is the fee a bank or guarantor charges for standing guarantee for a customer's obligation, usually as a percentage of the guaranteed amount for the guarantee period.Loans & CreditLoan Processing Feeकर्जा प्रशासनिक सेवा शुल्कA loan processing fee is the one-time service charge a bank collects for appraising and approving a loan.Loans & CreditLoan Restructuring and Reschedulingकर्जाको पुनरसंरचना तथा पुनरतालिकीकरणRescheduling extends the repayment period of a loan; restructuring changes its nature, terms or covenants. Both are used when a borrower's repayment capacity weakens but recovery is still likely.Loans & CreditLoan Takeover and Loan Swapकर्जा खरिद-बिक्री तथा कर्जा स्वाप (टेकओभर)A loan takeover or swap is when one bank buys or takes over a borrower's loan from another bank, usually because the borrower moves to the new bank for better terms.Loans & CreditLoan against Fixed Depositमुद्दती रसिदको धितो कर्जाA loan against a fixed deposit is a loan secured by a lien on the borrower's fixed deposit receipt, usually priced as a margin over the deposit rate.Loans & CreditLoan against Promoter Sharesसंस्थापक शेयर धितो कर्जाA loan against promoter shares is a loan secured by the promoter (founder) shares of a bank or financial institution, which NRB allows only under strict valuation and tenure limits.Loans & CreditLoan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)LTVकर्जा-मूल्य अनुपात (ऋण मूल्य अनुपात)The loan-to-value ratio compares the loan amount with the market value of the asset pledged as security, showing how much of the collateral value is financed.RatioLoans & CreditMargin Callमार्जिन कलA margin call is a lender's demand that a borrower add cash or more security when the value of pledged shares or gold falls and the loan-to-value ratio rises above the agreed level.Loans & CreditMargin Lendingमार्जिन प्रकृतिको कर्जा (शेयर धितो कर्जा)Margin lending is a loan given against listed shares pledged as security, where the bank lends only a part of the share value and asks for more security if prices fall.Loans & CreditMortgage Loanधितोबन्धक कर्जा (मोर्गेज कर्जा)A mortgage loan is a loan secured by immovable property such as land or a building, where the borrower keeps possession but the lender holds a registered charge until the loan is repaid.Loans & CreditMultiple Bankingबहुबैंकिङ कर्जाMultiple banking is when one borrower takes separate loans from several banks without a common consortium agreement, each bank lending and securing its loan on its own.Loans & CreditOverdraftODअधिविकर्ष (ओभरड्राफ्ट)An overdraft lets a customer withdraw more than the balance in a current account, up to an approved limit, and pay interest only on the amount actually used.Loans & CreditPari Passu Chargeपारिपासु (समान हैसियतको धितो)Pari passu means "on an equal footing": lenders sharing a pari passu charge have equal rights over the same security, and recoveries are shared in proportion to their loans.Loans & CreditPenal Interestपेनाल ब्याज (हर्जाना ब्याज)Penal interest is the extra interest a bank charges on overdue principal or instalments when a borrower fails to pay on the due date.Loans & CreditPersonal Guaranteeव्यक्तिगत जमानीA personal guarantee is a promise by an individual (or an institution, for a corporate guarantee) to repay a borrower's loan if the borrower fails to pay.Loans & CreditPledgeप्लेज (कब्जासहितको धितो)A pledge is the delivery of movable goods or documents to a lender as security, so that the lender holds possession until the loan is repaid while ownership stays with the borrower.Loans & CreditPremium over Base Rateआधार दरमाथिको प्रिमियमThe premium is the percentage points a bank adds to its base rate to fix the interest rate on a loan, reflecting the type, tenure and risk of the loan.Loans & CreditPrinciples of Lendingकर्जा लगानीका सिद्धान्तहरूThe principles of lending are the basic rules a bank follows to lend safely and profitably: safety, liquidity, profitability, purpose, security, diversification and the national interest.Loans & CreditProductive / Priority Sector Lendingतोकिएका (उत्पादनशील) क्षेत्रमा कर्जाPriority sector lending is NRB's requirement that banks lend at least a set share of their total loans to sectors the government wants to promote, such as agriculture, energy, tourism and small enterprises.Loans & CreditProject Financingपरियोजना वित्तीयकरणProject financing is long-term lending to a specific project where the loan is repaid mainly from the cash flows the project itself will generate, with the project's assets as the main security.Loans & CreditReal Estate Loanरियल स्टेट कर्जा (घरजग्गा कर्जा)A real estate loan is credit for buying, plotting or developing land and for commercial buildings, residential apartments and complexes, as defined in NRB's sector classification.Loans & CreditTerm Loanआवधिक कर्जाA term loan is a loan disbursed for a fixed period, usually more than one year, and repaid in scheduled instalments of principal and interest.Loans & CreditThird-party Collateralतेस्रो पक्षको धितोThird-party collateral is property owned by someone other than the borrower that is pledged or mortgaged to secure the borrower's loan.Loans & CreditTrust Receipt LoanTR loanट्रष्ट रिसिट कर्जाA trust receipt loan is a short-term import loan in which the bank pays the supplier under a letter of credit and releases the goods to the importer, who holds them in trust for the bank and repays from sales.Loans & CreditUnspecified-purpose Personal Loanप्रयोजन नखुलेका व्यक्तिगत कर्जाAn unspecified-purpose personal loan is a loan to an individual, such as a personal overdraft, mortgage loan or personal term loan, where no specific business or consumption purpose is stated.Loans & CreditVehicle Loanसवारी साधन कर्जाA vehicle loan finances the purchase of a car, motorcycle, electric vehicle or commercial vehicle, usually under hire purchase with the vehicle as security.Loans & CreditWilful Defaulterनियतपूर्वक ऋण नतिर्ने ऋणीA wilful defaulter is a borrower who can repay but deliberately does not, or who diverts, hides or misuses loan funds or collateral.Loans & CreditWorking Capital Loanचालु पुँजी कर्जाA working capital loan finances a business's day-to-day needs such as stock, raw materials and receivables, and is usually short-term and revolving.Loans & Credit