Credit Cycle and Loan Management
कर्जा चक्र तथा कर्जा व्यवस्थापन
Also called Loan life cycle, Credit process
The credit cycle is the sequence of steps a loan goes through in a bank, from application and appraisal to sanction, documentation, disbursement, monitoring and final recovery or closure.
Explained
Stages of the loan cycle
- Application and KYC: borrower applies with documents; bank checks KYC and the CIB report.
- Appraisal: analysis of the five Cs, financial statements, cash flow, collateral valuation, credit rating (Rs 50 crore and above) and environmental and social risk.
- Sanction: approval within delegated authority; offer letter with rate (base rate + premium), fees and conditions.
- Documentation: loan deed, mortgage or hypothecation deed, guarantee deed, insurance; registration of charges.
- Disbursement: after conditions are met; to firms only into their account at the bank or by account-payee cheque or electronic transfer.
- Monitoring and follow-up: stock inspections, review and renewal, checking end use, early warning signs, quarterly classification.
- Recovery and closure: collection of instalments; for problem loans, restructuring, legal action, auction of collateral, write-off; release of collateral within 5 working days after full repayment.
The term "credit cycle" is also used in economics for the expansion and contraction of credit across the business cycle.
कर्जा चक्र भनेको बैंकमा कर्जाको निवेदनदेखि विश्लेषण, स्वीकृति, कागजात, निकासा, अनुगमन र अन्तिम असुली वा बन्दसम्मका चरणहरूको क्रम हो।
व्याख्या
कर्जा चक्रका चरण १. निवेदन र केवाईसी: ऋणीले कागजातसहित निवेदन दिन्छ; बैंकले केवाईसी र कर्जा सूचना जाँच्छ। २. विश्लेषण: पाँच 'सी', वित्तीय विवरण, नगद प्रवाह, धितो मूल्याङ्कन, क्रेडिट रेटिङ (रु. ५० करोड वा बढी) र वातावरणीय तथा सामाजिक जोखिमको विश्लेषण। ३. स्वीकृति: प्रत्यायोजित अधिकारभित्र स्वीकृति; ब्याजदर (आधार दर + प्रिमियम), शुल्क र शर्तसहित प्रस्तावपत्र। ४. कागजात: कर्जा सम्झौता, धितोबन्धक वा दृष्टिबन्धक लिखत, जमानीपत्र, बीमा; भार दर्ता। ५. निकासा: शर्त पूरा भएपछि; फर्म/कम्पनीलाई सोही बैंकको खातामा वा एकाउन्ट पेयी चेक वा विद्युतीय माध्यमबाट। ६. अनुगमन: मौज्दात निरीक्षण, पुनरावलोकन र नवीकरण, कर्जाको सदुपयोग जाँच, पूर्वचेतावनी संकेत, त्रैमासिक वर्गीकरण। ७. असुली र बन्द: किस्ता असुली; समस्याग्रस्त कर्जामा पुनरसंरचना, कानूनी कारबाही, धितो लिलामी, अपलेखन; पूरै चुक्ता भएपछि ५ कार्यदिनभित्र धितो फुकुवा।
अर्थशास्त्रमा व्यापार चक्रसँगै कर्जा विस्तार र संकुचन हुने प्रक्रियालाई पनि "कर्जा चक्र" भनिन्छ।
Related
Sources
- NBL/RBB/ADBL Level 4 Assistant syllabus 2082/83 (Paper II)Syllabus
- NRB Unified Directive 2082 for Class A, B and C licensed institutionsNepal Rastra Bank
In the syllabus: NBL/RBB/ADBL L4 III
Updated