258 entries
Open Market OperationsOMOखुला बजार कारोबारThe buying and selling of government or central bank securities, and related repo and deposit operations, by NRB to inject or absorb liquidity in the banking system.Monetary Policy & NRBOperational Riskसञ्चालन जोखिमOperational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.Risk & ComplianceOrder Chequeअह्राएकोलाई भुक्तानी हुने चेक (अर्डर चेक)A cheque payable to a named person or to anyone that person orders, transferable only by endorsement and delivery.Cheques & InstrumentsOverdraftODअधिविकर्ष (ओभरड्राफ्ट)An overdraft lets a customer withdraw more than the balance in a current account, up to an approved limit, and pay interest only on the amount actually used.Loans & CreditPaid-up Capitalचुक्ता पुँजीThe part of a company's issued share capital that shareholders have actually paid in full. For a bank it is the base of core capital and is used to judge size and strength.Capital & BaselPari Passu Chargeपारिपासु (समान हैसियतको धितो)Pari passu means "on an equal footing": lenders sharing a pari passu charge have equal rights over the same security, and recoveries are shared in proportion to their loans.Loans & CreditPass Loanअसल कर्जाA pass loan is a performing loan that is not overdue or is overdue by at most one month, and carries the lowest provision.Asset QualityPenal Interestपेनाल ब्याज (हर्जाना ब्याज)Penal interest is the extra interest a bank charges on overdue principal or instalments when a borrower fails to pay on the due date.Loans & CreditPer Capita Incomeप्रतिव्यक्ति आयPer capita income is a country's total national income divided by its population, showing the average income per person in a year.Economy & MarketsPerforming Loanसक्रिय कर्जाA performing loan is a loan on which principal and interest are being paid on time or are overdue by at most three months; in Nepal it covers the pass and watchlist classes.Asset QualityPersonal Guaranteeव्यक्तिगत जमानीA personal guarantee is a promise by an individual (or an institution, for a corporate guarantee) to repay a borrower's loan if the borrower fails to pay.Loans & CreditPhillips Curveफिलिप्स वक्रThe Phillips curve shows an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run: lower unemployment tends to come with higher inflation, and vice versa.Economy & MarketsPledgeप्लेज (कब्जासहितको धितो)A pledge is the delivery of movable goods or documents to a lender as security, so that the lender holds possession until the loan is repaid while ownership stays with the borrower.Loans & CreditPolicy Rateनीतिगत दरThe benchmark interest rate set by NRB that signals its monetary policy stance and around which it aims to keep the interbank rate, placed in the middle of the interest rate corridor.Monetary Policy & NRBPolitically Exposed PersonPEPउच्चपदस्थ व्यक्तिA PEP is a person who holds or has held a prominent public function, such as a head of state, senior politician, senior judge or senior official of a state-owned body, whose position creates higher risk of corruption-related money laundering.Risk & CompliancePost-dated ChequePDCपोस्ट डेटेड चेक (अग्रिम मितिको चेक)A cheque bearing a date later than the date it is issued, which cannot be paid before that date.Cheques & InstrumentsPreference Shareअग्राधिकार शेयरA preference share gives its holder priority over equity shareholders for a fixed-rate dividend and for repayment of capital on liquidation, usually without normal voting rights.Economy & MarketsPremium over Base Rateआधार दरमाथिको प्रिमियमThe premium is the percentage points a bank adds to its base rate to fix the interest rate on a loan, reflecting the type, tenure and risk of the loan.Loans & CreditPrimary Marketप्राथमिक बजारThe primary market is the part of the capital market where new securities are issued for the first time and the issuing company receives the money.Economy & MarketsPrinciples of Lendingकर्जा लगानीका सिद्धान्तहरूThe principles of lending are the basic rules a bank follows to lend safely and profitably: safety, liquidity, profitability, purpose, security, diversification and the national interest.Loans & CreditProbability of Default (PD)PDडिफल्ट हुने सम्भाव्यताProbability of default is the estimated likelihood that a borrower will default within a given time horizon, such as 12 months or the loan's life.RatioAsset QualityProductive / Priority Sector Lendingतोकिएका (उत्पादनशील) क्षेत्रमा कर्जाPriority sector lending is NRB's requirement that banks lend at least a set share of their total loans to sectors the government wants to promote, such as agriculture, energy, tourism and small enterprises.Loans & CreditProject Financingपरियोजना वित्तीयकरणProject financing is long-term lending to a specific project where the loan is repaid mainly from the cash flows the project itself will generate, with the project's assets as the main security.Loans & CreditProvision Coverage RatioPCRकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्था कभरेज अनुपातThe provision coverage ratio shows how much of a bank's non-performing loans is covered by loan loss provisions.RatioAsset QualityPublic Debtसार्वजनिक ऋणPublic debt is the total amount the government owes to domestic and foreign lenders, raised to cover budget deficits and finance development.Economy & MarketsQuantitative and Qualitative Credit Controlपरिमाणात्मक तथा गुणात्मक कर्जा नियन्त्रणThe two families of central bank tools: quantitative (general) tools that change the overall volume and cost of credit, and qualitative (selective) tools that direct credit toward or away from particular sectors.Monetary Policy & NRBRastriya Banijya Bank LimitedRBBराष्ट्रिय वाणिज्य बैंक लिमिटेडRastriya Banijya Bank is a government-owned Class A commercial bank of Nepal, established in 2022 BS under a special act, with branches in all 77 districts.InstitutionsReal Estate Loanरियल स्टेट कर्जा (घरजग्गा कर्जा)A real estate loan is credit for buying, plotting or developing land and for commercial buildings, residential apartments and complexes, as defined in NRB's sector classification.Loans & CreditRecurring DepositRDआवर्ती निक्षेपA deposit scheme in which the customer deposits a fixed amount every month (or other interval) for an agreed period and receives the total with interest at maturity.Deposits & AccountsRefinanceपुनरकर्जाConcessional funding that NRB provides to banks and financial institutions against loans they have given to priority or targeted sectors, so that those borrowers get credit at lower interest rates.Monetary Policy & NRBRemittance Saving Accountविप्रेषण बचत खाताA saving account into which remittances sent home through the banking system by Nepalis working abroad are deposited, and on which NRB requires extra interest.Deposits & AccountsRepoरिपोA transaction in which NRB buys government securities from banks with an agreement that the banks will buy them back on a set date at a set price, injecting short-term liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBReputation, Strategic, Legal and ESG Risksप्रतिष्ठा, रणनीतिक, कानुनी तथा वातावरणीय-सामाजिक जोखिमThese are risks outside the main credit, market and operational categories: loss of public trust (reputation), poor business decisions (strategic), losses from lawsuits or unenforceable contracts (legal), and environmental, social and climate-related risks.Risk & ComplianceReverse Repoरिभर्स रिपोA transaction in which NRB sells government securities to banks with an agreement to buy them back later at a set price, temporarily absorbing excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBRight Shareहकप्रद शेयरA right share is a new share offered by a company to its existing shareholders in proportion to their current holdings, usually at par or a set price, to raise additional capital.Economy & MarketsRisk Appetite and Tolerance Limitजोखिम वहन क्षमता र सहनसीमाRisk appetite is the amount and type of risk a bank's board is willing to take to meet its objectives; the tolerance limit is the maximum deviation from that level the bank can accept.Risk & ComplianceRisk-Based ApproachRBAजोखिममा आधारित पद्धतिA risk-based approach means identifying and assessing money laundering and terrorist financing risks and applying stronger controls where risk is higher and lighter controls where it is lower.Risk & ComplianceRisk-weighted AssetsRWAजोखिम भारित सम्पत्तिA bank's assets and off-balance-sheet exposures weighted by their riskiness, plus capital charges for market and operational risk. It is the denominator of the capital adequacy ratio.Capital & BaselSaving Accountबचत खाताAn interest-bearing deposit account kept for saving, from which the holder can withdraw at any time; in Nepal it may be opened only by natural persons and not-for-profit organisations.Deposits & AccountsSecondary Marketदोस्रो बजारThe secondary market is where previously issued securities are bought and sold among investors, mainly through a stock exchange.Economy & MarketsSectoral Credit Concentrationक्षेत्रगत कर्जा सघनताSectoral credit concentration is the share of a bank's total loans given to one sector of the economy; NRB caps it to avoid too much exposure to any single sector.RatioAsset QualitySecurities Board of NepalSEBONनेपाल धितोपत्र बोर्डSEBON is the apex regulator of Nepal's securities market, responsible for developing the capital market and protecting investors by regulating securities issues, stock exchanges and market intermediaries.InstitutionsShell Bankशेल बैंकA shell bank is a bank that has no physical presence (no real office, management or records) in the country where it is incorporated and licensed, and is not part of a regulated financial group.Risk & ComplianceSignificant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR)SICRकर्जा जोखिममा उल्लेख्य वृद्धिA significant increase in credit risk is a marked rise in a loan's risk of default since it was first given, which moves the loan from Stage 1 to Stage 2 and requires lifetime expected credit loss.Asset QualitySimple InterestSIसाधारण ब्याजInterest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, without adding earlier interest to the principal.Deposits & AccountsSimplified Customer Due DiligenceSDDसरलीकृत ग्राहक पहिचानSimplified due diligence is a lighter set of customer identification measures allowed where the money laundering and terrorist financing risk is assessed as low, mainly to promote financial inclusion.Risk & ComplianceSingle Obligor LimitSOLएकल ग्राहक कर्जा सीमाThe single obligor limit is the maximum a bank may lend, in fund-based and non-fund-based facilities together, to one customer or to a group of related customers, set as a percentage of the bank's core capital.RatioAsset QualitySpecific Loan Loss Provisionविशेष कर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाSpecific loan loss provision is the provision kept against identified non-performing loans (substandard, doubtful, loss and restructured) to cover their expected loss.Asset QualityStagflationस्ट्यागफ्लेसन (मन्दीसहितको मुद्रास्फीति)Stagflation is a situation of high inflation combined with stagnant or falling output and high unemployment.Economy & MarketsStale Chequeम्याद नाघेको चेक (स्टेल चेक)A cheque presented after its validity period has expired, counted from the date written on it, which banks will not pay.Cheques & InstrumentsStanding Deposit FacilitySDFस्थायी निक्षेप सुविधाA standing window through which banks and financial institutions can deposit surplus funds with NRB at a fixed rate; its rate is the floor of the interest rate corridor.Monetary Policy & NRBStanding Liquidity FacilitySLFस्थायी तरलता सुविधाA standing window through which banks and financial institutions can borrow short-term funds from NRB against eligible collateral, usually government securities, at the bank rate; it forms the ceiling of the interest rate corridor.Monetary Policy & NRBStatutory Liquidity RatioSLRवैधानिक तरलता अनुपातThe minimum share of domestic deposits that a bank must hold in specified liquid assets such as government securities, cash in vault and its CRR balance with NRB.RatioLiquidityStress Testingदबाब परीक्षणStress testing is a forward-looking exercise that applies severe but plausible shocks to a bank's balance sheet to see how its capital, earnings and liquidity would hold up.Risk & ComplianceSubstandard Loanकमसल कर्जाA substandard loan is a non-performing loan whose principal or interest is overdue by 3 to 6 months, requiring at least a 25% provision.Asset QualitySupplementary Capital (Tier 2)Tier 2पूरक पुँजी (टियर २)The second layer of regulatory capital made of reserves and instruments that absorb losses mainly when a bank fails or is wound up. It counts toward total capital but not toward Tier 1.Capital & BaselSuspicious Activity ReportSARशंकास्पद गतिविधि प्रतिवेदनA SAR is a report to the FIU about suspicious behaviour or an attempted transaction, even where no transaction is completed.Risk & ComplianceSuspicious Transaction ReportSTRशंकास्पद कारोबार प्रतिवेदनAn STR is a report a reporting entity must send to the FIU when it suspects, or has reasonable grounds to suspect, that a customer, transaction or property is linked to money laundering, terrorist financing or another offence.Risk & ComplianceTargeted Financial SanctionsTFSसूचीकृत व्यक्ति सम्बन्धी वित्तीय प्रतिबन्धTargeted financial sanctions require banks to freeze, without delay, the funds and assets of persons, groups and entities designated under UN Security Council resolutions or national lists for terrorism or proliferation, and not to make funds available to them.Risk & ComplianceTerm Loanआवधिक कर्जाA term loan is a loan disbursed for a fixed period, usually more than one year, and repaid in scheduled instalments of principal and interest.Loans & Credit