383 entries
ECL Staging (Stage 1, 2 and 3)ईसीएल स्टेजिङ (स्टेज १, २ र ३)ECL staging is the NFRS 9 method of placing loans in Stage 1, 2 or 3 according to the change in credit risk since they were first recognised, which decides whether 12-month or lifetime expected loss is booked.Asset QualityEMV Chip CardEMVईएमभी चिप कार्डAn EMV chip card is a payment card with an embedded microchip that follows the global EMV standard, generating a unique cryptogram for each transaction to prevent counterfeiting.Payments & Digital BankingEconomic Impact of Remittanceविप्रेषणको आर्थिक प्रभावThe economic impact of remittance refers to how money sent home by migrant workers affects household income, consumption, poverty, the balance of payments, banking liquidity and the wider economy.Economy & MarketsEconomic Liberalisation and Globalisationआर्थिक उदारीकरण र विश्वव्यापीकरणEconomic liberalisation is reducing government controls so markets and the private sector play a larger role; globalisation is the growing integration of national economies through trade, investment, finance, technology and people.Economy & MarketsElectronic Cheque Clearing (ECC)ECCविद्युतीय चेक क्लियरिङ (ईसीसी)Nepal's image-based, MICR cheque processing and settlement system, operated by Nepal Clearing House Limited, in which cheque images and data, not paper cheques, move between banks.Cheques & InstrumentsElectronic Fund TransferEFTविद्युतीय रकमान्तरElectronic fund transfer is any transfer of money from one account to another through electronic systems rather than paper instruments such as cheques or drafts.Payments & Digital BankingEndorsementदरपीठSigning on the front or back of a negotiable instrument, or on an attached slip, for the purpose of negotiating it (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(थ)).Cheques & InstrumentsEnhanced Customer Due DiligenceECDDबृहत् ग्राहक पहिचानEnhanced due diligence is a stricter level of customer due diligence applied to high-risk customers, requiring extra verification of source of funds, purpose and closer monitoring.Risk & ComplianceEquated Monthly Instalment (EMI)EMIसम मासिक किस्ता (ईएमआई)An EMI is a fixed amount a borrower pays every month, covering both interest and part of the principal, so that the loan is fully repaid by the end of the term.Loans & CreditEquity Share (Ordinary Share)साधारण शेयरAn equity share is a unit of ownership in a company that gives its holder voting rights and a share of profits through dividends, with a residual claim on assets after all creditors are paid.Economy & MarketsEscrow Serviceएस्क्रो सेवाAn escrow service is an arrangement in which a neutral third party, often a bank, holds money or documents until agreed conditions between buyer and seller are fulfilled.Payments & Digital BankingExcess Liquidityअधिक तरलताA situation in which banks hold more loanable funds and reserves than they can lend or invest profitably, beyond what regulation and prudence require.LiquidityExchange Equalization Fundसटही समीकरण कोषA statutory reserve that a bank dealing in foreign exchange builds from revaluation gains on foreign currency holdings, to cushion future exchange rate losses.Capital & BaselExchange Rateविनिमय दरAn exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency.Forex & Trade FinanceExpected Credit Loss (ECL)ECLअपेक्षित कर्जा नोक्सानी (ईसीएल)Expected credit loss is the probability-weighted estimate of credit losses over a loan's life, measured under NFRS 9 so that banks provide for losses before default rather than after.Asset QualityExposure at Default (EAD)EADडिफल्टका बेलाको कर्जा जोखिम रकमExposure at default is the amount a bank expects to be owed by a borrower at the time the borrower defaults, including undrawn limits that are likely to be used.Asset QualityFATF Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring)FATF ग्रे सूची (बढ्दो निगरानीमा रहेका मुलुक)The grey list is the FATF's public list of jurisdictions that have strategic AML/CFT/CPF deficiencies and have committed to resolve them within agreed timeframes under increased FATF monitoring.Risk & ComplianceFactoringफ्याक्टरिङFactoring is a financial service in which a business sells its short-term trade receivables to a factor at a discount in exchange for immediate cash, often with collection and credit protection services.Forex & Trade FinanceFinancial Action Task ForceFATFवित्तीय कारबाही कार्यदलThe FATF is the global inter-governmental body that sets international standards (the FATF Recommendations) against money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing, and publicly lists countries with strategic deficiencies.Risk & ComplianceFinancial Derivativesवित्तीय डेरिभेटिभA financial derivative is a contract whose value depends on (is derived from) the price of an underlying asset such as a currency, interest rate, share, index or commodity.Economy & MarketsFinancial Inclusionवित्तीय समावेशीकरणMaking useful and affordable formal financial services such as accounts, payments, credit, insurance and remittance available to all people and businesses, and encouraging them to use those services.Banking BasicsFinancial Information UnitFIU-Nepalवित्तीय जानकारी इकाईFIU-Nepal is the national agency, housed in Nepal Rastra Bank, that receives, analyses and disseminates suspicious and threshold transaction reports related to money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing.Risk & ComplianceFinancial Literacyवित्तीय साक्षरताThe knowledge, skills, attitude and behaviour people need to make sound decisions about earning, saving, borrowing, investing and protecting money.Banking BasicsFinancial Ratiosवित्तीय अनुपातहरूFinancial ratios express one figure from the financial statements in relation to another so that performance, liquidity, solvency and value can be compared across periods and institutions.Profitability & Financial AnalysisFinancial Sector ReformFSRवित्तीय क्षेत्र सुधारFinancial sector reform is a set of policy, legal and institutional changes to make the financial system more competitive, stable, efficient and inclusive.Economy & MarketsFinancial Systemवित्तीय प्रणालीThe financial system is the network of institutions, markets, instruments, regulators and infrastructure that moves funds from savers to borrowers and provides payment and risk-sharing services.Economy & MarketsFintechफिनटेकFintech refers to the use of technology to deliver or improve financial services, and to the companies that do so.Payments & Digital BankingFiscal (Budget) Deficitबजेट घाटाA fiscal deficit occurs when total government expenditure exceeds total revenue and grants in a year; it shows how much the government must borrow.Economy & MarketsFiscal Policyवित्त नीतिThe government's use of taxation, public expenditure and borrowing to influence economic activity, income distribution and stability.Monetary Policy & NRBFive Cs of Creditकर्जाका पाँच 'सी'The five Cs of credit are Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral and Conditions, the five factors a lender examines to judge a borrower's creditworthiness.Loans & CreditFixed DepositFDमुद्दती निक्षेपA deposit kept with a bank for a fixed period at an agreed interest rate, repayable with interest at maturity.Deposits & AccountsFixed Interest Rateस्थिर ब्याजदरA fixed interest rate stays the same for the agreed period of the loan, regardless of changes in the bank's base rate or market rates.Loans & CreditFloating Interest Rateपरिवर्तनशील ब्याजदरA floating interest rate moves up or down with a benchmark; in Nepal the benchmark is the bank's base rate plus a fixed premium.Loans & CreditForeign Direct InvestmentFDIप्रत्यक्ष विदेशी लगानीForeign direct investment is investment by a foreign entity that gives it a lasting interest and significant influence or control over an enterprise in another country.Forex & Trade FinanceForeign ExchangeForex / FXविदेशी विनिमयForeign exchange refers to foreign currencies and claims payable in foreign currency, and to the conversion of one currency into another.Forex & Trade FinanceForeign Exchange Reserveविदेशी विनिमय सञ्चितिForeign exchange reserves are external assets, such as foreign currencies, gold and SDRs, held by the central bank and the banking system to meet international payment needs and support the currency.Forex & Trade FinanceForeign Exchange Riskविदेशी विनिमय जोखिमForeign exchange risk is the risk that changes in exchange rates reduce a bank's income or capital because of mismatches between its foreign currency assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceForeign Tradeवैदेशिक व्यापारForeign trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders through exports and imports; the gap between exports and imports is the trade balance.Economy & MarketsForfaitingफरफेटिङForfaiting is the purchase by a bank or forfaiter of an exporter's medium-term receivables, usually guaranteed by the importer's bank, at a discount and without recourse to the exporter.Forex & Trade FinanceForward Contractफरवार्ड सम्झौताA forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specified amount of foreign currency at a rate fixed today, for settlement on a future date.Forex & Trade FinanceFunctions of a Commercial Bankवाणिज्य बैंकका कार्यहरूThe primary, agency and general utility services a commercial bank provides, centred on accepting deposits and lending, plus payment, remittance and other services.Banking BasicsFund-based and Non-fund-based Creditकोषमा आधारित र गैरकोषमा आधारित कर्जाFund-based credit involves an actual outflow of the bank's money, such as loans and overdrafts; non-fund-based credit is a commitment, such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee, that becomes a loan only if the customer fails to pay.Loans & CreditGeneral Loan Loss Provisionसामान्य कर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाGeneral loan loss provision is the provision kept on performing (pass and watchlist) loans to cover losses that are not yet identified in specific loans.Asset QualityGeneral Reserveसाधारण जगेडा कोषA statutory reserve that every bank and financial institution must build from its annual net profit under the Bank and Financial Institution Act. It forms part of Common Equity Tier 1 capital.Capital & BaselGood for Payment ChequeGFPगुड फर पेमेन्ट चेकA customer's cheque on which the drawee bank certifies, at the holder's request, that funds are available and reserved, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsGovernment BudgetबजेटThe government budget is the annual statement of the government's estimated revenue and expenditure, and how any deficit will be financed, presented to and approved by Parliament.Economy & MarketsGovernment Securitiesसरकारी ऋणपत्र (सरकारी धितोपत्र)Government securities are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow from the public and institutions, including treasury bills, development bonds, and savings bonds.Economy & MarketsGrace Period (Moratorium)ग्रेस अवधि (मोराटोरियम)A grace period is the time from loan disbursement until the first instalment falls due, during which the borrower does not repay principal (and sometimes interest).Loans & CreditGreen PINग्रिन पिनGreen PIN is a paperless method of generating or resetting a card PIN at an ATM or through digital channels using an OTP sent to the registered mobile number, instead of a printed PIN mailer.Payments & Digital BankingGross Domestic ProductGDPकुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनGDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a period, usually a fiscal year.Economy & MarketsHedgingहेजिङHedging is taking an offsetting position, usually through a derivative or matching transaction, to reduce the risk of adverse price, rate or exchange rate movements.Forex & Trade FinanceHigh-powered Money (Reserve Money)RMउच्चशक्ति मुद्रा (सञ्चित मुद्रा)The money directly created by the central bank: currency in circulation plus the deposits of banks and others with the central bank. It is the base on which banks create broad money.Monetary Policy & NRBHigh-quality Liquid AssetsHQLAउच्च गुणस्तरका तरल सम्पत्तिUnencumbered assets that can be converted into cash quickly in private markets with little or no loss of value, held to meet liquidity needs during stress. They form the numerator of the Liquidity Coverage Ratio.LiquidityHire Purchase Loanहायरपर्चेज कर्जाA hire purchase loan finances the purchase of an asset such as a vehicle or machinery, which the buyer uses while paying instalments; ownership passes fully only after the last instalment.Loans & CreditHolder in Due CourseHDCरीतपूर्वकको धारकA holder who obtained a negotiable instrument for value, in good faith, and before its date of payment, without sufficient reason to believe the transferor's title was defective (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(ण)).Cheques & InstrumentsHome Loanआवासीय घर कर्जाA home loan is a loan to an individual to build or buy a house or apartment for own use or for renting out, repaid in instalments from the borrower's income.Loans & CreditHundiहुन्डीHundi (hawala) is an informal system of transferring money through a network of brokers who settle balances among themselves, without money physically moving through the formal banking system.Forex & Trade FinanceHypothecationदृष्टिबन्धक (हाइपोथिकेसन)Hypothecation is a charge on movable assets such as stock, receivables or vehicles given as security, where the borrower keeps both ownership and possession of the goods.Loans & CreditIT and Cyber Security Riskसूचना प्रविधि तथा साइबर सुरक्षा जोखिमIT and cyber risk is the risk of loss, disruption or data compromise from failure or misuse of information systems, including hacking, malware, fraud through digital channels and system outages.Risk & ComplianceIncotermsइन्कोटर्म्सIncoterms are standard trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers for delivery, costs and risk in international sales.Forex & Trade Finance