383 entries
Principles of Lendingकर्जा लगानीका सिद्धान्तहरूThe principles of lending are the basic rules a bank follows to lend safely and profitably: safety, liquidity, profitability, purpose, security, diversification and the national interest.Loans & CreditProductive / Priority Sector Lendingतोकिएका (उत्पादनशील) क्षेत्रमा कर्जाPriority sector lending is NRB's requirement that banks lend at least a set share of their total loans to sectors the government wants to promote, such as agriculture, energy, tourism and small enterprises.Loans & CreditProfit and Loss Accountनाफा-नोक्सान हिसाबThe profit and loss account summarises an entity's income and expenses over a period to show its net profit or loss.Profitability & Financial AnalysisProject Financingपरियोजना वित्तीयकरणProject financing is long-term lending to a specific project where the loan is repaid mainly from the cash flows the project itself will generate, with the project's assets as the main security.Loans & CreditPromissory NotePNप्रतिज्ञापत्रA signed written undertaking, other than a bank or currency note, by which the maker unconditionally promises to pay a certain sum on a fixed date or on demand to a specified person, that person's order, or the bearer (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(च)).Cheques & InstrumentsPrompt Corrective ActionPCAशीघ्र सुधारात्मक कारबाहीA set of graded supervisory actions that NRB takes automatically when a bank or financial institution's capital adequacy ratio falls below the required minimum, becoming stricter as the shortfall grows.Capital & BaselPublic Debtसार्वजनिक ऋणPublic debt is the total amount the government owes to domestic and foreign lenders, raised to cover budget deficits and finance development.Economy & MarketsPurchasing Power ParityPPPक्रयशक्ति समताPurchasing power parity is the theory that exchange rates should adjust so that the same basket of goods costs the same in different countries when expressed in a common currency.Forex & Trade FinanceQuantitative and Qualitative Credit Controlपरिमाणात्मक तथा गुणात्मक कर्जा नियन्त्रणThe two families of central bank tools: quantitative (general) tools that change the overall volume and cost of credit, and qualitative (selective) tools that direct credit toward or away from particular sectors.Monetary Policy & NRBReal Estate Loanरियल स्टेट कर्जा (घरजग्गा कर्जा)A real estate loan is credit for buying, plotting or developing land and for commercial buildings, residential apartments and complexes, as defined in NRB's sector classification.Loans & CreditRecurring DepositRDआवर्ती निक्षेपA deposit scheme in which the customer deposits a fixed amount every month (or other interval) for an agreed period and receives the total with interest at maturity.Deposits & AccountsRefinanceपुनरकर्जाConcessional funding that NRB provides to banks and financial institutions against loans they have given to priority or targeted sectors, so that those borrowers get credit at lower interest rates.Monetary Policy & NRBRegulatory Reserveनियमनकारी कोषA reserve that NRB requires banks to create by transferring part of retained earnings so that profits recognised under NFRS but not yet realised, or not acceptable to the regulator, are not paid out as dividends.Capital & BaselRegulatory Sandboxनियामकीय स्यान्डबक्सA regulatory sandbox is a framework in which a regulator allows firms to test innovative financial products or services with real customers for a limited time under relaxed rules and close supervision.Payments & Digital BankingRemittance Saving Accountविप्रेषण बचत खाताA saving account into which remittances sent home through the banking system by Nepalis working abroad are deposited, and on which NRB requires extra interest.Deposits & AccountsRepoरिपोA transaction in which NRB buys government securities from banks with an agreement that the banks will buy them back on a set date at a set price, injecting short-term liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBReputation, Strategic, Legal and ESG Risksप्रतिष्ठा, रणनीतिक, कानुनी तथा वातावरणीय-सामाजिक जोखिमThese are risks outside the main credit, market and operational categories: loss of public trust (reputation), poor business decisions (strategic), losses from lawsuits or unenforceable contracts (legal), and environmental, social and climate-related risks.Risk & ComplianceRetained Earningsसञ्चित नाफाRetained earnings are the cumulative net profits a company has kept in the business after paying dividends and making appropriations.Profitability & Financial AnalysisReverse Repoरिभर्स रिपोA transaction in which NRB sells government securities to banks with an agreement to buy them back later at a set price, temporarily absorbing excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBRight Shareहकप्रद शेयरA right share is a new share offered by a company to its existing shareholders in proportion to their current holdings, usually at par or a set price, to raise additional capital.Economy & MarketsRisk Appetite and Tolerance Limitजोखिम वहन क्षमता र सहनसीमाRisk appetite is the amount and type of risk a bank's board is willing to take to meet its objectives; the tolerance limit is the maximum deviation from that level the bank can accept.Risk & ComplianceRisk-Based ApproachRBAजोखिममा आधारित पद्धतिA risk-based approach means identifying and assessing money laundering and terrorist financing risks and applying stronger controls where risk is higher and lighter controls where it is lower.Risk & ComplianceRisk-weighted AssetsRWAजोखिम भारित सम्पत्तिA bank's assets and off-balance-sheet exposures weighted by their riskiness, plus capital charges for market and operational risk. It is the denominator of the capital adequacy ratio.Capital & BaselSWIFTSWIFTस्विफ्टSWIFT is a member-owned cooperative that provides a secure network and standard message formats for financial institutions to exchange payment and other financial messages worldwide.Payments & Digital BankingSWIFT CodeBICस्विफ्ट कोडA SWIFT code, or Business Identifier Code (BIC), is an 8 or 11 character code under ISO 9362 that uniquely identifies a bank or financial institution in international messages.Payments & Digital BankingSaving Accountबचत खाताAn interest-bearing deposit account kept for saving, from which the holder can withdraw at any time; in Nepal it may be opened only by natural persons and not-for-profit organisations.Deposits & AccountsSecondary Marketदोस्रो बजारThe secondary market is where previously issued securities are bought and sold among investors, mainly through a stock exchange.Economy & MarketsSecurities Board of NepalSEBONनेपाल धितोपत्र बोर्डSEBON is the apex regulator of Nepal's securities market, responsible for developing the capital market and protecting investors by regulating securities issues, stock exchanges and market intermediaries.InstitutionsShell Bankशेल बैंकA shell bank is a bank that has no physical presence (no real office, management or records) in the country where it is incorporated and licensed, and is not part of a regulated financial group.Risk & ComplianceSight Letter of Creditदृष्टि प्रतीतपत्रA sight letter of credit is an LC under which payment is made as soon as compliant documents are presented.Forex & Trade FinanceSignificant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR)SICRकर्जा जोखिममा उल्लेख्य वृद्धिA significant increase in credit risk is a marked rise in a loan's risk of default since it was first given, which moves the loan from Stage 1 to Stage 2 and requires lifetime expected credit loss.Asset QualitySimple InterestSIसाधारण ब्याजInterest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, without adding earlier interest to the principal.Deposits & AccountsSimplified Customer Due DiligenceSDDसरलीकृत ग्राहक पहिचानSimplified due diligence is a lighter set of customer identification measures allowed where the money laundering and terrorist financing risk is assessed as low, mainly to promote financial inclusion.Risk & ComplianceSimplified Standardized ApproachSSAसरलीकृत मानक विधिThe method NRB prescribes for measuring credit risk capital, in which each exposure gets a fixed risk weight set by NRB according to counterparty type, collateral and status, instead of using external or internal ratings.Capital & BaselSpecial Drawing RightsSDRविशेष निकासी अधिकारSpecial Drawing Rights are an international reserve asset created by the IMF and allocated to member countries, valued on a basket of major currencies.Forex & Trade FinanceSpecific Loan Loss Provisionविशेष कर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाSpecific loan loss provision is the provision kept against identified non-performing loans (substandard, doubtful, loss and restructured) to cover their expected loss.Asset QualitySpot Transactionस्पट कारोबारA spot transaction is a foreign exchange deal settled immediately, normally within two business days, at the current spot rate.Forex & Trade FinanceStagflationस्ट्यागफ्लेसन (मन्दीसहितको मुद्रास्फीति)Stagflation is a situation of high inflation combined with stagnant or falling output and high unemployment.Economy & MarketsStale Chequeम्याद नाघेको चेक (स्टेल चेक)A cheque presented after its validity period has expired, counted from the date written on it, which banks will not pay.Cheques & InstrumentsStandby Letter of CreditSBLCस्ट्यान्डबाइ प्रतीतपत्रA standby letter of credit is a bank's undertaking to pay the beneficiary if the applicant fails to perform an obligation, functioning like a guarantee in LC form.Forex & Trade FinanceStanding Deposit FacilitySDFस्थायी निक्षेप सुविधाA standing window through which banks and financial institutions can deposit surplus funds with NRB at a fixed rate; its rate is the floor of the interest rate corridor.Monetary Policy & NRBStanding Instructionस्थायी निर्देशनA standing instruction is a customer's instruction to the bank to make a fixed payment from their account to a specified beneficiary at regular intervals.Payments & Digital BankingStanding Liquidity FacilitySLFस्थायी तरलता सुविधाA standing window through which banks and financial institutions can borrow short-term funds from NRB against eligible collateral, usually government securities, at the bank rate; it forms the ceiling of the interest rate corridor.Monetary Policy & NRBSterilized Interventionनिष्प्रभावीकृत हस्तक्षेपForeign exchange purchase or sale by the central bank combined with an offsetting domestic operation, so that the intervention does not change the amount of reserve money in the banking system.Monetary Policy & NRBStop Paymentभुक्तानी रोक्का (स्टप पेमेन्ट)A written instruction from the drawer asking the bank not to pay a specific cheque that has been issued but not yet paid.Cheques & InstrumentsStress Testingदबाब परीक्षणStress testing is a forward-looking exercise that applies severe but plausible shocks to a bank's balance sheet to see how its capital, earnings and liquidity would hold up.Risk & ComplianceStructural Liquidityसंरचनागत तरलताLiquidity surplus or shortage in the banking system that is expected to last for a long period, as opposed to short-term or seasonal swings.LiquiditySubordinated Term Debtसहायक आवधिक ऋणUnsecured long-term debt that ranks below depositors and other creditors in liquidation. Banks issue it as debentures that qualify as Tier 2 capital within limits.Capital & BaselSubstandard Loanकमसल कर्जाA substandard loan is a non-performing loan whose principal or interest is overdue by 3 to 6 months, requiring at least a 25% provision.Asset QualitySupplementary Capital (Tier 2)Tier 2पूरक पुँजी (टियर २)The second layer of regulatory capital made of reserves and instruments that absorb losses mainly when a bank fails or is wound up. It counts toward total capital but not toward Tier 1.Capital & BaselSuspicious Activity ReportSARशंकास्पद गतिविधि प्रतिवेदनA SAR is a report to the FIU about suspicious behaviour or an attempted transaction, even where no transaction is completed.Risk & ComplianceSuspicious Transaction ReportSTRशंकास्पद कारोबार प्रतिवेदनAn STR is a report a reporting entity must send to the FIU when it suspects, or has reasonable grounds to suspect, that a customer, transaction or property is linked to money laundering, terrorist financing or another offence.Risk & ComplianceTargeted Financial SanctionsTFSसूचीकृत व्यक्ति सम्बन्धी वित्तीय प्रतिबन्धTargeted financial sanctions require banks to freeze, without delay, the funds and assets of persons, groups and entities designated under UN Security Council resolutions or national lists for terrorism or proliferation, and not to make funds available to them.Risk & ComplianceTelegraphic TransferTTटेलिग्राफिक ट्रान्सफरA telegraphic transfer is an electronic transfer of funds, usually across borders, sent from one bank to another through SWIFT or a similar network.Forex & Trade FinanceTerm Loanआवधिक कर्जाA term loan is a loan disbursed for a fixed period, usually more than one year, and repaid in scheduled instalments of principal and interest.Loans & CreditTerrorist FinancingTFआतङ्ककारी कार्यमा वित्तीय लगानीTerrorist financing is providing or collecting funds or property, by any means, knowing or intending that they will be used for a terrorist act or by a terrorist person or organisation.Risk & ComplianceThird-party Collateralतेस्रो पक्षको धितोThird-party collateral is property owned by someone other than the borrower that is pledged or mortgaged to secure the borrower's loan.Loans & CreditThree Lines of Defenceजोखिम व्यवस्थापनका तीन सुरक्षा घेराThe three lines of defence is a model that divides risk responsibilities between business units (first line), independent risk management and compliance (second line), and internal audit (third line).Risk & ComplianceThree Pillars of Baselबासेलका तीन स्तम्भThe structure of Basel II and Basel III: Pillar 1 minimum capital requirements, Pillar 2 supervisory review process, and Pillar 3 market discipline through disclosure.Capital & BaselThreshold Transaction ReportTTRसीमा कारोबार प्रतिवेदनA TTR is a report that a bank must send to the FIU for every transaction at or above the amount fixed by NRB, whether or not the transaction is suspicious.Risk & Compliance