72 entries
C-ASBAC-ASBAसी-आस्बाC-ASBA (Centralized Application Supported by Blocked Amount) is CDSC's centralized system through which investors apply for public share issues, with the application amount blocked in their bank account until allotment.Payments & Digital BankingCAMELS RatingCAMELSक्यामेल्स मूल्याङ्कनCAMELS is a supervisory rating system that assesses a bank on Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity and Sensitivity to market risk.Profitability & Financial AnalysisCDS and Clearing LimitedCDSCसीडीएस एन्ड क्लियरिङ लिमिटेडCDS and Clearing Ltd is Nepal's central securities depository, which holds shares and bonds in electronic (demat) form and clears and settles trades made on NEPSE.InstitutionsCall Depositकल निक्षेपA deposit payable on demand or at very short notice that earns a small interest; in Nepal it is mostly used by institutions to park surplus funds and cannot be operated by cheque.Deposits & AccountsCancelled Chequeरद्द गरिएको चेकA cheque marked as cancelled, usually with two lines and the word "CANCELLED" across it, so that it cannot be used for payment; often used only to show account details.Cheques & InstrumentsCapital Adequacy RatioCARपुँजीकोष पर्याप्तता अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's total regulatory capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to its total risk-weighted exposure. It shows how much loss-absorbing capital a bank holds against the risks in its assets and operations.RatioCapital & BaselCapital Conservation BufferCCBपुँजी संरक्षण बफरAn extra layer of Common Equity Tier 1 capital that banks must hold above the regulatory minimum in normal times so that it can be drawn down during stress.Capital & BaselCapital Marketपुँजी बजारThe capital market is the market for long-term funds, where shares, debentures, bonds and mutual fund units with maturities above one year are issued and traded.Economy & MarketsCard Schemeकार्ड स्किमA card scheme is a payment network, such as Visa, Mastercard, UnionPay or a domestic scheme, that sets the rules and provides the infrastructure linking card issuers and acquirers.Payments & Digital BankingCard Skimmingकार्ड स्किमिङCard skimming is a fraud in which criminals use a hidden device to copy card data, and often a camera or fake keypad to capture the PIN, at an ATM or POS.Payments & Digital BankingCardless Withdrawalकार्डरहित नगद निकासीCardless withdrawal lets a customer take cash from an ATM without a physical card by authorising the withdrawal through mobile banking, connectIPS or a wallet and entering a one-time code at the ATM.Payments & Digital BankingCash Flow Statementनगद प्रवाह विवरणA cash flow statement shows the cash received and paid by an entity during a period, classified into operating, investing and financing activities.Profitability & Financial AnalysisCash Reserve RatioCRRअनिवार्य नगद मौज्दात अनुपातThe share of a bank's total deposits that it must keep as a balance in its account with Nepal Rastra Bank. It is both a liquidity safeguard and a monetary policy tool.RatioLiquidityCash and Vault Managementनगद तथा ढुकुटी व्यवस्थापनThe procedures a bank branch uses to receive, hold, count, record, move and protect cash and valuables in its vault and at its counters.Banking BasicsCentral Bankकेन्द्रीय बैंकThe apex monetary authority of a country that issues currency, conducts monetary policy, regulates banks and acts as banker to the government and to banks. In Nepal this is Nepal Rastra Bank.Banking BasicsCentral Bank Digital CurrencyCBDCकेन्द्रीय बैंक डिजिटल मुद्राA CBDC is a digital form of a country's official currency, issued by and a direct liability of the central bank.Payments & Digital BankingCertificate of OriginCOOउत्पत्तिको प्रमाणपत्रA certificate of origin is a document certifying the country in which exported goods were produced or manufactured.Forex & Trade FinanceChargebackचार्जब्याकA chargeback is the reversal of a card transaction initiated by the card-issuing bank on behalf of a cardholder who disputes it.Payments & Digital BankingChequeचेकA bill of exchange drawn on a specified bank and payable on demand (Negotiable Instruments Act, 2034, Section 2(ज)).Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Bounce (Dishonour)चेक अनादर (चेक बाउन्स)Refusal by the drawee bank to pay a cheque, most commonly because the drawer's account has insufficient funds, but also for reasons such as signature mismatch, closed account or stop payment.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Clearingचेक क्लियरिङ (चेक समाशोधन)The process by which a cheque deposited at one bank (presenting bank) is sent to the bank on which it is drawn (paying bank) for payment, and the resulting amounts are settled between the banks.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Number and MICRMICRचेक नम्बर र एमआईसीआरMICR is the line of magnetic-ink characters printed at the bottom of a standard cheque that machines read automatically; it carries the cheque serial number, bank (member) code, branch code, account number and transaction code.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Truncationचेक ट्रंकेसनStopping the physical movement of a cheque at the presenting bank and sending only its scanned image and data to the paying bank for clearing.Cheques & InstrumentsChief Risk OfficerCROप्रमुख जोखिम अधिकृतThe Chief Risk Officer is the senior official who heads a bank's independent risk management function and reports risk exposures to the board-level risk management committee.Risk & ComplianceClass A: Commercial Bank"क" वर्ग: वाणिज्य बैंकA bank licensed by NRB in class "A" under BAFIA 2073, permitted to carry out the widest range of banking and financial transactions in Nepal.Banking BasicsClass B: Development Bank"ख" वर्ग: विकास बैंकA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "B" under BAFIA 2073 that must use the words "development bank" in its name and may carry out a defined subset of banking transactions.Banking BasicsClass C: Finance Company"ग" वर्ग: वित्त कम्पनीA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "C" under BAFIA 2073 that must use the words "finance company" in its name and may carry out a narrower set of deposit and lending activities.Banking BasicsClass D: Microfinance Financial InstitutionMFI"घ" वर्ग: लघुवित्त वित्तीय संस्थाA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "D" under BAFIA 2073 that provides small loans and related services mainly to low-income groups and their members, and must use "microfinance financial institution" in its name.Banking BasicsClean Note Policyसफा नोट नीतिNRB's policy requiring banks to put only clean, fit notes back into circulation and to separate soiled or damaged notes for return to NRB or a currency chest.Banking BasicsClearing and Settlementक्लियरिङ र फर्छ्यौटClearing is the exchange and reconciliation of payment instructions and calculation of obligations between institutions; settlement is the actual transfer of funds that discharges those obligations.Payments & Digital BankingCollateralधितो सुरक्षणCollateral is an asset that a borrower or a third party offers to a lender as security, which the lender can sell to recover the loan if the borrower defaults.Loans & CreditCommercial Invoiceवाणिज्यिक बीजकA commercial invoice is the seller's bill to the buyer in an international sale, describing the goods, quantity, price, terms of sale and total amount due.Forex & Trade FinanceCommon Equity Tier 1CET1साधारण शेयर पुँजी (CET1)The highest-quality part of Tier 1 capital, made of common shares, share premium, statutory general reserve, retained earnings and other free reserves, net of regulatory deductions.RatioCapital & BaselCompany Act, 2063कम्पनी ऐन, २०६३The Act that governs the incorporation, management, share capital, meetings, accounts, audit and winding up of companies in Nepal, including banks incorporated as public companies.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Compound InterestCIचक्रीय ब्याजInterest calculated on the principal plus interest already earned, so that interest itself earns interest at each compounding period.Deposits & AccountsConnected Borrowers (Group of Related Customers)आपसी सम्बन्ध भएका ग्राहकहरूको समूहConnected borrowers are customers linked by ownership, management, family ties, guarantees or shared collateral, whom NRB treats as one group for the single obligor limit.Asset QualityConsortium Financingसह-वित्तीयकरण कर्जाConsortium financing is a loan given jointly by two or more banks to one borrower or project under an agreement, usually with one bank acting as the lead bank.Loans & CreditConsumer Price IndexCPIउपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकाङ्कAn index that measures the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a fixed basket of goods and services. Its percentage change is the usual measure of inflation in Nepal.Monetary Policy & NRBConsumer Protection Act, 2075उपभोक्ता संरक्षण ऐन, २०७५The Act that protects consumers' constitutional right to quality goods and services, bans unfair trade practices, and provides Consumer Courts and compensation for harm.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Contactless Paymentसम्पर्करहित भुक्तानीA contactless payment is made by tapping or holding a card, phone or wearable near a reader, without inserting or swiping it.Payments & Digital BankingContingency Funding PlanCFPआकस्मिक कोष योजनाA bank's pre-approved plan setting out how it will raise funds and manage cash flows if it faces a liquidity crisis.LiquidityContribution Marginयोगदान मार्जिनContribution margin is sales revenue minus variable costs, the amount available to cover fixed costs and earn profit.Profitability & Financial AnalysisCore Capital (Tier 1)Tier 1प्राथमिक पुँजी (टियर १)The highest-quality, permanent part of a bank's capital that absorbs losses while the bank keeps operating. Under Basel III it equals Common Equity Tier 1 plus Additional Tier 1.RatioCapital & BaselCore Depositमूल निक्षेपThe stable portion of a bank's deposits that is unlikely to leave even when interest rates change, typically small retail current, saving and fixed deposits from a loyal customer base.Deposits & AccountsCorporate Bankingकर्पोरेट बैंकिङBanking services for large companies, institutions and government entities, covering large loans, working capital, project and consortium finance, trade finance, cash management and treasury products.Banking BasicsCorporate Governanceसंस्थागत सुशासनCorporate governance is the system of rules, structures and practices by which a company is directed and controlled, defining the roles of the board, management, shareholders and other stakeholders.Risk & ComplianceCost of Fundsकोषको लागतCost of funds is the average interest rate a bank pays to raise the money it lends and invests, mainly deposits and borrowings.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisCost to Income Ratioलागत-आम्दानी अनुपातThe cost to income ratio compares a bank's operating expenses with its operating income to show how efficiently it is run.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCVPलागत-परिमाण-नाफा विश्लेषणCost-volume-profit analysis studies how changes in costs, selling price and volume affect a firm's profit.Profitability & Financial AnalysisCountercyclical Capital BufferCCyBप्रतिचक्रीय पुँजी बफरA time-varying capital add-on in CET1 that the regulator switches on when credit grows excessively, so banks build extra capital before a downturn and can release it afterwards.Capital & BaselCounterfeit Note Detectionनक्कली नोट पहिचानChecking banknotes for the security features printed by the issuing central bank so that forged notes are identified and kept out of circulation.Banking BasicsCredit Appraisalकर्जा विश्लेषण (क्रेडिट मूल्याङ्कन)Credit appraisal is the bank's assessment of a loan proposal, covering the borrower's repayment capacity, financial position, purpose, collateral and risks, before deciding whether and on what terms to lend.Loans & CreditCredit Cardक्रेडिट कार्डA credit card is a payment card that lets the holder buy goods and services or withdraw cash on credit up to a pre-approved limit and repay later.Payments & Digital BankingCredit Card Loanक्रेडिट कार्ड कर्जाA credit card loan is the revolving, usually unsecured, credit a bank extends through a credit card, which the cardholder repays in full or in part each billing cycle.Loans & CreditCredit Cycle and Loan Managementकर्जा चक्र तथा कर्जा व्यवस्थापनThe credit cycle is the sequence of steps a loan goes through in a bank, from application and appraisal to sanction, documentation, disbursement, monitoring and final recovery or closure.Loans & CreditCredit Information Bureau of NepalCIBकर्जा सूचना केन्द्रThe Credit Information Bureau is the institution that collects borrowers' credit information from banks and financial institutions, provides credit reports to lenders, and maintains the blacklist of wilful and serious defaulters.InstitutionsCredit Information and Blacklistingकर्जा सूचना तथा कालोसूचीCredit information is the record of borrowers' loans and repayment history that banks share through Credit Information Bureau of Nepal Ltd, which also keeps the blacklist of defaulters.Loans & CreditCredit Ratingक्रेडिट रेटिङ (साख मूल्याङ्कन)A credit rating is an independent assessment by a rating agency of a borrower's or an instrument's ability and willingness to repay debt on time, shown as a letter grade.Loans & CreditCredit Riskकर्जा जोखिमCredit risk is the risk of loss when a borrower or counterparty fails to repay principal or interest, or otherwise fails to meet agreed obligations.Risk & ComplianceCredit to Core Capital plus Deposit RatioCCD Ratioकर्जा–प्राथमिक पुँजी तथा निक्षेप अनुपातThe former NRB lending limit that compared a bank's total credit with the sum of its core capital and local-currency deposits. It was replaced by the Credit to Deposit (CD) ratio.RatioLiquidity