424 entries
Gold and Silver Loanसुनचाँदी धितो कर्जाA gold and silver loan is a loan secured by pledging gold or silver ornaments, bars or coins, which the bank tests, values and keeps in its vault.Loans & CreditGood for Payment ChequeGFPगुड फर पेमेन्ट चेकA customer's cheque on which the drawee bank certifies, at the holder's request, that funds are available and reserved, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsGovernment BudgetबजेटThe government budget is the annual statement of the government's estimated revenue and expenditure, and how any deficit will be financed, presented to and approved by Parliament.Economy & MarketsGovernment Securitiesसरकारी ऋणपत्र (सरकारी धितोपत्र)Government securities are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow from the public and institutions, including treasury bills, development bonds, and savings bonds.Economy & MarketsGrace Period (Moratorium)ग्रेस अवधि (मोराटोरियम)A grace period is the time from loan disbursement until the first instalment falls due, during which the borrower does not repay principal (and sometimes interest).Loans & CreditGreen PINग्रिन पिनGreen PIN is a paperless method of generating or resetting a card PIN at an ATM or through digital channels using an OTP sent to the registered mobile number, instead of a printed PIN mailer.Payments & Digital BankingGross Domestic ProductGDPकुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनGDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a period, usually a fiscal year.Economy & MarketsHedgingहेजिङHedging is taking an offsetting position, usually through a derivative or matching transaction, to reduce the risk of adverse price, rate or exchange rate movements.Forex & Trade FinanceHigh-powered Money (Reserve Money)RMउच्चशक्ति मुद्रा (सञ्चित मुद्रा)The money directly created by the central bank: currency in circulation plus the deposits of banks and others with the central bank. It is the base on which banks create broad money.Monetary Policy & NRBHigh-quality Liquid AssetsHQLAउच्च गुणस्तरका तरल सम्पत्तिUnencumbered assets that can be converted into cash quickly in private markets with little or no loss of value, held to meet liquidity needs during stress. They form the numerator of the Liquidity Coverage Ratio.LiquidityHire Purchase Loanहायरपर्चेज कर्जाA hire purchase loan finances the purchase of an asset such as a vehicle or machinery, which the buyer uses while paying instalments; ownership passes fully only after the last instalment.Loans & CreditHolder in Due CourseHDCरीतपूर्वकको धारकA holder who obtained a negotiable instrument for value, in good faith, and before its date of payment, without sufficient reason to believe the transferor's title was defective (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(ण)).Cheques & InstrumentsHome Loanआवासीय घर कर्जाA home loan is a loan to an individual to build or buy a house or apartment for own use or for renting out, repaid in instalments from the borrower's income.Loans & CreditHundiहुन्डीHundi (hawala) is an informal system of transferring money through a network of brokers who settle balances among themselves, without money physically moving through the formal banking system.Forex & Trade FinanceHypothecationदृष्टिबन्धक (हाइपोथिकेसन)Hypothecation is a charge on movable assets such as stock, receivables or vehicles given as security, where the borrower keeps both ownership and possession of the goods.Loans & CreditIT and Cyber Security Riskसूचना प्रविधि तथा साइबर सुरक्षा जोखिमIT and cyber risk is the risk of loss, disruption or data compromise from failure or misuse of information systems, including hacking, malware, fraud through digital channels and system outages.Risk & ComplianceIncotermsइन्कोटर्म्सIncoterms are standard trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers for delivery, costs and risk in international sales.Forex & Trade FinanceInflationमुद्रास्फीतिA sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money. In Nepal it is measured by the change in the consumer price index compiled by NRB.Monetary Policy & NRBInitial Public OfferingIPOप्रारम्भिक सार्वजनिक निष्काशनAn IPO is the first sale of a company's shares to the general public, after which the company becomes publicly held and its shares can be listed on the stock exchange.Economy & MarketsInsider Tradingभित्री कारोबारInsider trading is buying or selling securities using price-sensitive information that has not been made public, obtained through one's position or connection with the company.Economy & MarketsInstitutional and Individual Depositसंस्थागत र व्यक्तिगत निक्षेपIndividual deposits are placed by natural persons; institutional deposits are placed by firms, companies, government bodies, cooperatives and other organisations. NRB regulates the two differently.Deposits & AccountsInter-bank and Inter-branch Transactionअन्तरबैंक तथा अन्तरशाखा कारोबारInter-bank transactions are dealings between two different banks, such as clearing, fund transfers and interbank lending; inter-branch transactions are entries between branches of the same bank that must be reconciled through the head office.Banking BasicsInterbank Payment SystemIPSअन्तरबैंक भुक्तानी प्रणालीThe Interbank Payment System (NCHL-IPS) is an electronic system for transferring funds between accounts at different banks, supporting direct credit and direct debit transactions.Payments & Digital BankingInterbank Rateअन्तरबैंक दरThe interest rate at which banks and financial institutions lend short-term funds to one another. NRB uses the weighted average interbank rate of BFIs as the operating target of monetary policy.LiquidityInterchange Feeइन्टरचेन्ज शुल्कAn interchange fee is the fee paid between banks for card transactions: by the acquiring bank to the issuing bank for purchases, or by the issuer to the ATM-owning bank for off-us ATM use.Payments & Digital BankingInterest Capitalizationब्याज पुँजीकरणInterest capitalization means adding unpaid interest to the loan principal instead of collecting it in cash, so that the borrower pays it later with the principal.Loans & CreditInterest Rate CorridorIRCब्याजदर करिडोरA band of short-term interest rates set by NRB, with the standing deposit facility rate as the floor, the standing liquidity facility rate (bank rate) as the ceiling and the policy rate in between, within which the interbank rate is kept.Monetary Policy & NRBInterest Rate RiskIRRब्याजदर जोखिमInterest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates reduce a bank's net interest income or the value of its assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceInterest-subsidised Concessional Loanसहुलियतपूर्ण कर्जा (ब्याज अनुदान कर्जा)A concessional loan is a loan to targeted borrowers, such as commercial farmers, women entrepreneurs and returnee migrants, on which the Government of Nepal pays part of the interest as a subsidy through the bank.Loans & CreditIntermediate Targetअन्तरिम लक्ष्यA variable between the central bank's instruments and its final goals, which the bank cannot control directly but which reliably predicts those goals. NRB's intermediate target is the NPR-INR exchange rate peg.Monetary Policy & NRBInternal Capital Adequacy Assessment ProcessICAAPआन्तरिक पुँजी पर्याप्तता मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रियाA bank's own board-approved process for identifying all its material risks and deciding how much capital it needs against them, beyond the Pillar 1 minimum. It is the bank's part of Pillar 2.Capital & BaselInternal Control and Internal Auditआन्तरिक नियन्त्रण तथा आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणInternal control is the set of policies, procedures and checks that management builds to protect assets, ensure accurate records and comply with laws; internal audit is the independent function that tests whether those controls work.Risk & ComplianceInternational Development AssociationIDAअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विकास संघIDA is the part of the World Bank that provides concessional (low or zero interest, long maturity) credits and grants to the world's poorest countries.InstitutionsInternational Monetary FundIMFअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोषThe IMF is an international organisation that promotes global monetary cooperation and financial stability through surveillance of economies, lending to countries with balance of payments problems, and capacity development.InstitutionsInternet Bankingइन्टरनेट बैंकिङInternet banking lets customers access their bank accounts and carry out transactions through the bank's secure website.Payments & Digital BankingIssuing Bankजारीकर्ता बैंकAn issuing bank is the bank or institution that issues a payment card to a customer, authorises the customer's transactions and bears responsibility for the cardholder's account.Payments & Digital BankingJoint Accountसंयुक्त खाताA deposit account held in the names of two or more persons, operated according to the mandate they give the bank, such as jointly, either or survivor, or former or survivor.Deposits & AccountsJournal Voucherजर्नल भौचरA journal voucher is the source document that records a transaction's debit and credit entries, with supporting details and authorisation, before it is posted to the ledger.Profitability & Financial AnalysisKnow Your CustomerKYCग्राहक पहिचानKYC is the process by which a bank identifies a customer and verifies that identity with reliable documents before and during a business relationship. It is the first line of defence against money laundering, fraud and terrorist financing.Risk & ComplianceLarge Borrower Reportingठूला ऋणीको विवरणLarge borrowers are customers whose loans exceed an NRB threshold (Rs 5 crore for commercial banks, Rs 2 crore for development banks and finance companies), whose details banks must report to NRB every quarter.Asset QualityLedgerखाता बहीA ledger is the book of accounts in which entries from the journal are posted and grouped account by account to show each account's balance.Profitability & Financial AnalysisLender of Last ResortLOLRअन्तिम ऋणदाताThe central bank's role of lending to banks in exceptional circumstances when they cannot get funds elsewhere, to prevent a liquidity problem from becoming a bank failure or a system-wide crisis.Monetary Policy & NRBLetter of CreditLCप्रतीतपत्रA letter of credit is a bank's written undertaking, issued on behalf of a buyer, to pay the seller a stated amount provided the seller presents documents that comply with the terms of the credit.Forex & Trade FinanceLienलियन (रोक्का राख्ने अधिकार)A lien is a creditor's right to keep possession of a debtor's property or funds until the debtor pays what is owed.Loans & CreditLimited Banking Unitसीमित बैंकिङ इकाइA small office opened by a BFI, staffed regularly or on fixed days, to provide limited banking services in unbanked areas outside the Kathmandu Valley and other cities.Banking BasicsLiquid Assetsतरल सम्पत्तिAssets that a bank can convert into cash quickly and with little loss, such as cash in vault, balances with NRB and other banks, call money and government securities.LiquidityLiquidity Crunchतरलता अभावA situation in which banks run short of loanable funds, so interbank rates rise, lending slows and banks compete for deposits.LiquidityLiquidity Managementतरलता व्यवस्थापनThe way a bank plans and controls its cash, liquid assets and funding so that it can meet withdrawals and payment obligations on time at reasonable cost, while still earning on idle funds.LiquidityLiquidity Riskतरलता जोखिमLiquidity risk is the risk that a bank cannot meet its payment obligations, such as deposit withdrawals, when they fall due without unacceptable cost or loss.Risk & ComplianceLoan / Creditकर्जा / ऋणA loan is money a bank lends to a borrower on agreed terms, to be repaid with interest within a fixed time. Credit is the wider idea of trust that lets a borrower receive funds or facilities now and pay later.Loans & CreditLoan Classification (Pass, Watchlist, Substandard, Doubtful, Loss)कर्जा वर्गीकरण (असल, सूक्ष्म निगरानी, कमसल, शंकास्पद, खराब)Loan classification is the grouping of loans by how long principal or interest is overdue and other risk signs, into pass, watchlist, substandard, doubtful and loss, each with a minimum provision.Asset QualityLoan Guarantee Commissionकर्जा जमानत कमिशनA guarantee commission is the fee a bank or guarantor charges for standing guarantee for a customer's obligation, usually as a percentage of the guaranteed amount for the guarantee period.Loans & CreditLoan Loss ProvisionLLPकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाA loan loss provision is an amount a bank sets aside from its profit to cover expected losses on loans that may not be repaid.Asset QualityLoan Processing Feeकर्जा प्रशासनिक सेवा शुल्कA loan processing fee is the one-time service charge a bank collects for appraising and approving a loan.Loans & CreditLoan Restructuring and Reschedulingकर्जाको पुनरसंरचना तथा पुनरतालिकीकरणRescheduling extends the repayment period of a loan; restructuring changes its nature, terms or covenants. Both are used when a borrower's repayment capacity weakens but recovery is still likely.Loans & CreditLoan Takeover and Loan Swapकर्जा खरिद-बिक्री तथा कर्जा स्वाप (टेकओभर)A loan takeover or swap is when one bank buys or takes over a borrower's loan from another bank, usually because the borrower moves to the new bank for better terms.Loans & CreditLoan Write-offकर्जा अपलेखनA loan write-off removes an uncollectible, fully provided loan from the bank's books, while the bank keeps trying to recover it.Asset QualityLoan against Fixed Depositमुद्दती रसिदको धितो कर्जाA loan against a fixed deposit is a loan secured by a lien on the borrower's fixed deposit receipt, usually priced as a margin over the deposit rate.Loans & CreditLoan against Promoter Sharesसंस्थापक शेयर धितो कर्जाA loan against promoter shares is a loan secured by the promoter (founder) shares of a bank or financial institution, which NRB allows only under strict valuation and tenure limits.Loans & CreditLoss Loanखराब कर्जाA loss loan is a non-performing loan overdue by more than one year, or affected by serious problems such as misuse or a missing borrower, that is considered largely uncollectible and needs a 100% provision.Asset Quality