439 entries
Net Stable Funding RatioNSFRखुद स्थिर कोष अनुपातA Basel III standard that requires a bank's available stable funding to be at least equal to its required stable funding over a one-year horizon, limiting reliance on short-term funding for long-term assets.RatioLiquidityNominal Anchorनाममात्रको अङ्कुशA nominal variable that a central bank fixes or targets to tie down the price level and inflation expectations. Nepal's nominal anchor is the fixed exchange rate of the Nepali rupee with the Indian rupee.Monetary Policy & NRBNomineeइच्छाएको व्यक्ति (नोमिनी)The person an account holder names in advance to receive the deposit if the account holder dies.Banking BasicsNon-banking AssetsNBAगैरबैंकिङ सम्पत्तिNon-banking assets are properties, usually land and buildings, that a bank takes over in its own name from defaulting borrowers when the collateral cannot be sold at auction.Asset QualityNon-interest Incomeगैरब्याज आम्दानीNon-interest income is a bank's income from sources other than interest, such as fees, commissions, foreign exchange gains and service charges.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNon-performing Loan (NPL / NPA)NPLनिष्क्रिय कर्जाA non-performing loan is a loan on which principal or interest has been overdue for more than three months, or that NRB rules otherwise treat as impaired; in Nepal it covers substandard, doubtful, loss and restructured or rescheduled loans.Asset QualityNostro Accountनस्ट्रो खाताA nostro account is a bank's own account held with a correspondent bank abroad, denominated in that foreign country's currency.Forex & Trade FinanceNot Negotiable Crossingविनिमेय गर्न नसकिने रेखाङ्कनA crossing that includes the words "not negotiable", so that a person taking the cheque cannot obtain or give a better title than the person from whom it was received (NI Act, 2034, Section 89).Cheques & InstrumentsNoting and Protestअनादर जनाउने र प्रमाणित गराउने (नोटिङ र प्रोटेस्ट)Noting is a notary public's record on a dishonoured instrument of the fact, date and reason of dishonour; protest is the notary's formal certificate of that dishonour, used as evidence (NI Act, 2034, Sections 71 to 77).Cheques & InstrumentsOpen Bankingखुला बैंकिङOpen banking is the practice of banks securely sharing customer-permitted data and payment functions with authorised third parties through standard APIs.Payments & Digital BankingOpen Market OperationsOMOखुला बजार कारोबारThe buying and selling of government or central bank securities, and related repo and deposit operations, by NRB to inject or absorb liquidity in the banking system.Monetary Policy & NRBOperating Leverageसञ्चालन लिभरेजOperating leverage measures how sensitive operating profit is to a change in sales, arising from the presence of fixed operating costs.Profitability & Financial AnalysisOperating Targetसञ्चालन लक्ष्यThe short-term financial variable that a central bank controls directly day to day through its instruments in order to reach its intermediate and final goals. NRB's operating target is the weighted average interbank rate of BFIs.Monetary Policy & NRBOperational Riskसञ्चालन जोखिमOperational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.Risk & ComplianceOrder Chequeअह्राएकोलाई भुक्तानी हुने चेक (अर्डर चेक)A cheque payable to a named person or to anyone that person orders, transferable only by endorsement and delivery.Cheques & InstrumentsOutright Sale and Purchase Auctionसोझै खरिद तथा बिक्री बोलकबोलOpen market operations in which NRB permanently buys or sells government securities through auctions, with no agreement to reverse the deal.Monetary Policy & NRBOverdraftODअधिविकर्ष (ओभरड्राफ्ट)An overdraft lets a customer withdraw more than the balance in a current account, up to an approved limit, and pay interest only on the amount actually used.Loans & CreditPaid-up Capitalचुक्ता पुँजीThe part of a company's issued share capital that shareholders have actually paid in full. For a bank it is the base of core capital and is used to judge size and strength.Capital & BaselPari Passu Chargeपारिपासु (समान हैसियतको धितो)Pari passu means "on an equal footing": lenders sharing a pari passu charge have equal rights over the same security, and recoveries are shared in proportion to their loans.Loans & CreditPass Loanअसल कर्जाA pass loan is a performing loan that is not overdue or is overdue by at most one month, and carries the lowest provision.Asset QualityPayment Gatewayपेमेन्ट गेटवेA payment gateway is a service that securely captures and transmits online payment details from a website or app to banks or payment networks for authorisation.Payments & Digital BankingPayment Service ProviderPSPभुक्तानी सेवा प्रदायकA payment service provider is an institution licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank to offer electronic payment services, such as wallets, directly to customers.Payments & Digital BankingPayment System OperatorPSOभुक्तानी प्रणाली सञ्चालकA payment system operator is an institution licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank to operate the infrastructure that switches, clears and settles payments among banks, wallets and card networks.Payments & Digital BankingPayment and Settlement Act, 2075भुक्तानी तथा फर्स्यौट ऐन, २०७५The Act that provides for the development, licensing, oversight and regulation of payment, clearing and settlement systems in Nepal, with Nepal Rastra Bank as the regulator.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Payment in Due Courseरीतपूर्वकको भुक्तानीPayment of the amount stated in a negotiable instrument to the person in possession of it, made in good faith and without negligence (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(त)).Cheques & InstrumentsPenal Interestपेनाल ब्याज (हर्जाना ब्याज)Penal interest is the extra interest a bank charges on overdue principal or instalments when a borrower fails to pay on the due date.Loans & CreditPer Capita Incomeप्रतिव्यक्ति आयPer capita income is a country's total national income divided by its population, showing the average income per person in a year.Economy & MarketsPerformance Guaranteeकार्यसम्पादन जमानतA performance guarantee is a bank guarantee that compensates the beneficiary if a contractor or supplier fails to perform the contract as agreed.Forex & Trade FinancePerforming Loanसक्रिय कर्जाA performing loan is a loan on which principal and interest are being paid on time or are overdue by at most three months; in Nepal it covers the pass and watchlist classes.Asset QualityPersonal Guaranteeव्यक्तिगत जमानीA personal guarantee is a promise by an individual (or an institution, for a corporate guarantee) to repay a borrower's loan if the borrower fails to pay.Loans & CreditPhillips Curveफिलिप्स वक्रThe Phillips curve shows an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run: lower unemployment tends to come with higher inflation, and vice versa.Economy & MarketsPhishingफिसिङPhishing is a social-engineering fraud in which criminals pose as a trusted party through email, SMS, calls or fake websites to trick people into revealing passwords, PINs, OTPs or card details.Payments & Digital BankingPledgeप्लेज (कब्जासहितको धितो)A pledge is the delivery of movable goods or documents to a lender as security, so that the lender holds possession until the loan is repaid while ownership stays with the borrower.Loans & CreditPolicy Rateनीतिगत दरThe benchmark interest rate set by NRB that signals its monetary policy stance and around which it aims to keep the interbank rate, placed in the middle of the interest rate corridor.Monetary Policy & NRBPolitically Exposed PersonPEPउच्चपदस्थ व्यक्तिA PEP is a person who holds or has held a prominent public function, such as a head of state, senior politician, senior judge or senior official of a state-owned body, whose position creates higher risk of corruption-related money laundering.Risk & CompliancePost-dated ChequePDCपोस्ट डेटेड चेक (अग्रिम मितिको चेक)A cheque bearing a date later than the date it is issued, which cannot be paid before that date.Cheques & InstrumentsPost-shipment Financeढुवानीपश्चात् वित्तPost-shipment finance is credit given to an exporter after goods are shipped, against export documents, until the export proceeds are received.Forex & Trade FinancePre-shipment Financeढुवानीपूर्व वित्तPre-shipment finance is credit given to an exporter before shipment to buy raw materials, process, pack and ship goods against a confirmed export order or letter of credit.Forex & Trade FinancePreference Shareअग्राधिकार शेयरA preference share gives its holder priority over equity shareholders for a fixed-rate dividend and for repayment of capital on liquidation, usually without normal voting rights.Economy & MarketsPremature Withdrawal of Fixed Depositमुद्दती निक्षेपको अवधिअघि भुक्तानीClosing a fixed deposit and taking the money before the agreed maturity date, usually at a reduced interest rate or with a penalty under the bank's rules.Deposits & AccountsPremium on Deposit Rateनिक्षेप ब्याजदरमा प्रिमियमInterest offered on a deposit above the institution's standard or published rate, for example extra interest on remittance deposits, and the NRB limits on how far deposit rates may vary.Deposits & AccountsPremium over Base Rateआधार दरमाथिको प्रिमियमThe premium is the percentage points a bank adds to its base rate to fix the interest rate on a loan, reflecting the type, tenure and risk of the loan.Loans & CreditPrepaid Cardप्रिपेड कार्डA prepaid card is a payment card loaded in advance with a fixed amount, which can be spent until the loaded value is used up.Payments & Digital BankingPrice Earnings RatioP/Eमूल्य-आम्दानी अनुपातThe price earnings ratio is the market price of a share divided by its earnings per share.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisPrice to Book RatioP/Bमूल्य-किताबी मूल्य अनुपातThe price to book ratio compares a share's market price with its book value per share.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisPrimary Marketप्राथमिक बजारThe primary market is the part of the capital market where new securities are issued for the first time and the issuing company receives the money.Economy & MarketsPrinciples of Lendingकर्जा लगानीका सिद्धान्तहरूThe principles of lending are the basic rules a bank follows to lend safely and profitably: safety, liquidity, profitability, purpose, security, diversification and the national interest.Loans & CreditProbability of Default (PD)PDडिफल्ट हुने सम्भाव्यताProbability of default is the estimated likelihood that a borrower will default within a given time horizon, such as 12 months or the loan's life.RatioAsset QualityProductive / Priority Sector Lendingतोकिएका (उत्पादनशील) क्षेत्रमा कर्जाPriority sector lending is NRB's requirement that banks lend at least a set share of their total loans to sectors the government wants to promote, such as agriculture, energy, tourism and small enterprises.Loans & CreditProfit and Loss Accountनाफा-नोक्सान हिसाबThe profit and loss account summarises an entity's income and expenses over a period to show its net profit or loss.Profitability & Financial AnalysisProject Financingपरियोजना वित्तीयकरणProject financing is long-term lending to a specific project where the loan is repaid mainly from the cash flows the project itself will generate, with the project's assets as the main security.Loans & CreditPromissory NotePNप्रतिज्ञापत्रA signed written undertaking, other than a bank or currency note, by which the maker unconditionally promises to pay a certain sum on a fixed date or on demand to a specified person, that person's order, or the bearer (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(च)).Cheques & InstrumentsPrompt Corrective ActionPCAशीघ्र सुधारात्मक कारबाहीA set of graded supervisory actions that NRB takes automatically when a bank or financial institution's capital adequacy ratio falls below the required minimum, becoming stricter as the shortfall grows.Capital & BaselProvision Coverage RatioPCRकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्था कभरेज अनुपातThe provision coverage ratio shows how much of a bank's non-performing loans is covered by loan loss provisions.RatioAsset QualityPublic Debtसार्वजनिक ऋणPublic debt is the total amount the government owes to domestic and foreign lenders, raised to cover budget deficits and finance development.Economy & MarketsPublic Procurement Act, 2063PPAसार्वजनिक खरिद ऐन, २०६३The Act that governs how public entities, including government-owned banks, buy goods, works and consultancy services through open, competitive and accountable procedures.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Purchasing Power ParityPPPक्रयशक्ति समताPurchasing power parity is the theory that exchange rates should adjust so that the same basket of goods costs the same in different countries when expressed in a common currency.Forex & Trade FinanceQuantitative and Qualitative Credit Controlपरिमाणात्मक तथा गुणात्मक कर्जा नियन्त्रणThe two families of central bank tools: quantitative (general) tools that change the overall volume and cost of credit, and qualitative (selective) tools that direct credit toward or away from particular sectors.Monetary Policy & NRBQuick Ratioद्रुत अनुपातThe quick ratio compares quick (liquid) assets with current liabilities, excluding inventory and prepaid expenses.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisReal Estate Loanरियल स्टेट कर्जा (घरजग्गा कर्जा)A real estate loan is credit for buying, plotting or developing land and for commercial buildings, residential apartments and complexes, as defined in NRB's sector classification.Loans & Credit