383 entries
Inflationमुद्रास्फीतिA sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money. In Nepal it is measured by the change in the consumer price index compiled by NRB.Monetary Policy & NRBInitial Public OfferingIPOप्रारम्भिक सार्वजनिक निष्काशनAn IPO is the first sale of a company's shares to the general public, after which the company becomes publicly held and its shares can be listed on the stock exchange.Economy & MarketsInsider Tradingभित्री कारोबारInsider trading is buying or selling securities using price-sensitive information that has not been made public, obtained through one's position or connection with the company.Economy & MarketsInstitutional and Individual Depositसंस्थागत र व्यक्तिगत निक्षेपIndividual deposits are placed by natural persons; institutional deposits are placed by firms, companies, government bodies, cooperatives and other organisations. NRB regulates the two differently.Deposits & AccountsInter-bank and Inter-branch Transactionअन्तरबैंक तथा अन्तरशाखा कारोबारInter-bank transactions are dealings between two different banks, such as clearing, fund transfers and interbank lending; inter-branch transactions are entries between branches of the same bank that must be reconciled through the head office.Banking BasicsInterbank Rateअन्तरबैंक दरThe interest rate at which banks and financial institutions lend short-term funds to one another. NRB uses the weighted average interbank rate of BFIs as the operating target of monetary policy.LiquidityInterchange Feeइन्टरचेन्ज शुल्कAn interchange fee is the fee paid between banks for card transactions: by the acquiring bank to the issuing bank for purchases, or by the issuer to the ATM-owning bank for off-us ATM use.Payments & Digital BankingInterest Capitalizationब्याज पुँजीकरणInterest capitalization means adding unpaid interest to the loan principal instead of collecting it in cash, so that the borrower pays it later with the principal.Loans & CreditInterest Rate CorridorIRCब्याजदर करिडोरA band of short-term interest rates set by NRB, with the standing deposit facility rate as the floor, the standing liquidity facility rate (bank rate) as the ceiling and the policy rate in between, within which the interbank rate is kept.Monetary Policy & NRBInterest Rate RiskIRRब्याजदर जोखिमInterest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates reduce a bank's net interest income or the value of its assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceInterest-subsidised Concessional Loanसहुलियतपूर्ण कर्जा (ब्याज अनुदान कर्जा)A concessional loan is a loan to targeted borrowers, such as commercial farmers, women entrepreneurs and returnee migrants, on which the Government of Nepal pays part of the interest as a subsidy through the bank.Loans & CreditIntermediate Targetअन्तरिम लक्ष्यA variable between the central bank's instruments and its final goals, which the bank cannot control directly but which reliably predicts those goals. NRB's intermediate target is the NPR-INR exchange rate peg.Monetary Policy & NRBInternal Capital Adequacy Assessment ProcessICAAPआन्तरिक पुँजी पर्याप्तता मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रियाA bank's own board-approved process for identifying all its material risks and deciding how much capital it needs against them, beyond the Pillar 1 minimum. It is the bank's part of Pillar 2.Capital & BaselInternal Control and Internal Auditआन्तरिक नियन्त्रण तथा आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणInternal control is the set of policies, procedures and checks that management builds to protect assets, ensure accurate records and comply with laws; internal audit is the independent function that tests whether those controls work.Risk & ComplianceInternational Development AssociationIDAअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विकास संघIDA is the part of the World Bank that provides concessional (low or zero interest, long maturity) credits and grants to the world's poorest countries.InstitutionsInternational Monetary FundIMFअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोषThe IMF is an international organisation that promotes global monetary cooperation and financial stability through surveillance of economies, lending to countries with balance of payments problems, and capacity development.InstitutionsIssuing Bankजारीकर्ता बैंकAn issuing bank is the bank or institution that issues a payment card to a customer, authorises the customer's transactions and bears responsibility for the cardholder's account.Payments & Digital BankingJoint Accountसंयुक्त खाताA deposit account held in the names of two or more persons, operated according to the mandate they give the bank, such as jointly, either or survivor, or former or survivor.Deposits & AccountsJournal Voucherजर्नल भौचरA journal voucher is the source document that records a transaction's debit and credit entries, with supporting details and authorisation, before it is posted to the ledger.Profitability & Financial AnalysisKnow Your CustomerKYCग्राहक पहिचानKYC is the process by which a bank identifies a customer and verifies that identity with reliable documents before and during a business relationship. It is the first line of defence against money laundering, fraud and terrorist financing.Risk & ComplianceLarge Borrower Reportingठूला ऋणीको विवरणLarge borrowers are customers whose loans exceed an NRB threshold (Rs 5 crore for commercial banks, Rs 2 crore for development banks and finance companies), whose details banks must report to NRB every quarter.Asset QualityLedgerखाता बहीA ledger is the book of accounts in which entries from the journal are posted and grouped account by account to show each account's balance.Profitability & Financial AnalysisLender of Last ResortLOLRअन्तिम ऋणदाताThe central bank's role of lending to banks in exceptional circumstances when they cannot get funds elsewhere, to prevent a liquidity problem from becoming a bank failure or a system-wide crisis.Monetary Policy & NRBLetter of CreditLCप्रतीतपत्रA letter of credit is a bank's written undertaking, issued on behalf of a buyer, to pay the seller a stated amount provided the seller presents documents that comply with the terms of the credit.Forex & Trade FinanceLienलियन (रोक्का राख्ने अधिकार)A lien is a creditor's right to keep possession of a debtor's property or funds until the debtor pays what is owed.Loans & CreditLimited Banking Unitसीमित बैंकिङ इकाइA small office opened by a BFI, staffed regularly or on fixed days, to provide limited banking services in unbanked areas outside the Kathmandu Valley and other cities.Banking BasicsLiquid Assetsतरल सम्पत्तिAssets that a bank can convert into cash quickly and with little loss, such as cash in vault, balances with NRB and other banks, call money and government securities.LiquidityLiquidity Crunchतरलता अभावA situation in which banks run short of loanable funds, so interbank rates rise, lending slows and banks compete for deposits.LiquidityLiquidity Managementतरलता व्यवस्थापनThe way a bank plans and controls its cash, liquid assets and funding so that it can meet withdrawals and payment obligations on time at reasonable cost, while still earning on idle funds.LiquidityLiquidity Riskतरलता जोखिमLiquidity risk is the risk that a bank cannot meet its payment obligations, such as deposit withdrawals, when they fall due without unacceptable cost or loss.Risk & ComplianceLoan / Creditकर्जा / ऋणA loan is money a bank lends to a borrower on agreed terms, to be repaid with interest within a fixed time. Credit is the wider idea of trust that lets a borrower receive funds or facilities now and pay later.Loans & CreditLoan Classification (Pass, Watchlist, Substandard, Doubtful, Loss)कर्जा वर्गीकरण (असल, सूक्ष्म निगरानी, कमसल, शंकास्पद, खराब)Loan classification is the grouping of loans by how long principal or interest is overdue and other risk signs, into pass, watchlist, substandard, doubtful and loss, each with a minimum provision.Asset QualityLoan Loss ProvisionLLPकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाA loan loss provision is an amount a bank sets aside from its profit to cover expected losses on loans that may not be repaid.Asset QualityLoan Processing Feeकर्जा प्रशासनिक सेवा शुल्कA loan processing fee is the one-time service charge a bank collects for appraising and approving a loan.Loans & CreditLoan Restructuring and Reschedulingकर्जाको पुनरसंरचना तथा पुनरतालिकीकरणRescheduling extends the repayment period of a loan; restructuring changes its nature, terms or covenants. Both are used when a borrower's repayment capacity weakens but recovery is still likely.Loans & CreditLoan Takeover and Loan Swapकर्जा खरिद-बिक्री तथा कर्जा स्वाप (टेकओभर)A loan takeover or swap is when one bank buys or takes over a borrower's loan from another bank, usually because the borrower moves to the new bank for better terms.Loans & CreditLoan Write-offकर्जा अपलेखनA loan write-off removes an uncollectible, fully provided loan from the bank's books, while the bank keeps trying to recover it.Asset QualityLoan against Fixed Depositमुद्दती रसिदको धितो कर्जाA loan against a fixed deposit is a loan secured by a lien on the borrower's fixed deposit receipt, usually priced as a margin over the deposit rate.Loans & CreditLoan against Promoter Sharesसंस्थापक शेयर धितो कर्जाA loan against promoter shares is a loan secured by the promoter (founder) shares of a bank or financial institution, which NRB allows only under strict valuation and tenure limits.Loans & CreditLoss Loanखराब कर्जाA loss loan is a non-performing loan overdue by more than one year, or affected by serious problems such as misuse or a missing borrower, that is considered largely uncollectible and needs a 100% provision.Asset QualityMacroprudential Regulationसमष्टिगत विवेकशील नियमनRegulatory tools aimed at the stability of the financial system as a whole, limiting system-wide risks such as excessive credit growth or asset bubbles, rather than the safety of individual banks alone.Monetary Policy & NRBManager's Chequeम्यानेजर्स चेक (बैंकर्स चेक)A cheque issued by a bank on itself, signed by its authorised officers, for an amount the customer has already paid to the bank, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsMargin Depositमार्जिन निक्षेपMoney a customer deposits with the bank, and the bank holds back, as partial or full security against a non-funded facility such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee.Deposits & AccountsMargin Lendingमार्जिन प्रकृतिको कर्जा (शेयर धितो कर्जा)Margin lending is a loan given against listed shares pledged as security, where the bank lends only a part of the share value and asks for more security if prices fall.Loans & CreditMargin of SafetyMOSसुरक्षा सीमाMargin of safety is the amount by which actual or budgeted sales exceed break-even sales.Profitability & Financial AnalysisMarket Riskबजार जोखिमMarket risk is the risk of loss from movements in market prices such as interest rates, exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices.Risk & ComplianceMaterial Alterationमूलभूत केरमेटA change in an essential part of a negotiable instrument, such as the amount, date or payee, that alters its meaning, form or the parties' liability (NI Act, 2034, Section 61).Cheques & InstrumentsMerchant Discount RateMDRमर्चेन्ट डिस्काउन्ट दरThe merchant discount rate is the fee, usually a percentage of the transaction value, that a merchant pays its acquiring bank for accepting card or digital payments.Payments & Digital BankingMerger and AcquisitionM&Aगाभ्ने गाभिने तथा प्राप्तिA merger combines two or more BFIs into one (either a new entity or the survivor), while an acquisition is one BFI buying all or a controlling part of another's assets, liabilities or shares.Banking BasicsMinimum Balanceन्यूनतम मौज्दातThe lowest amount a bank asks a customer to keep in a current or saving account under the product's terms.Deposits & AccountsMinimum Paid-up Capital Requirementन्यूनतम चुक्ता पुँजीThe smallest amount of paid-up capital NRB requires a licensed bank or financial institution of each class and operating area to hold.Capital & BaselMobile (Ghumti) Banking Serviceघुम्ती बैंकिङ सेवाBanking service provided from an office set up in a vehicle that visits places without banking access on a schedule, under NRB's Unified Directive.Banking BasicsMonetary Policyमौद्रिक नीतिThe central bank's policy of managing money supply, interest rates and liquidity to achieve price stability, external stability and support for economic growth.Monetary Policy & NRBMonetary Transmission Mechanismमौद्रिक प्रसार संयन्त्रThe channels through which a change in the central bank's policy rate or liquidity affects market interest rates, credit, asset prices, the exchange rate and finally output and inflation.Monetary Policy & NRBMoney LaunderingMLसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणMoney laundering is converting, transferring, hiding or using property derived from crime so that its illegal origin is concealed and it appears legitimate.Risk & ComplianceMoney Marketमुद्रा बजारThe money market is the market for borrowing and lending short-term funds, usually with maturities of up to one year, through instruments such as treasury bills, interbank loans, repo and call money.Economy & MarketsMoney Supply (M1, M2)मुद्राप्रदायThe total stock of money held by the public in an economy. NRB measures it as narrow money (M1), M1+, broad money (M2) and broad money liquidity (M3).Monetary Policy & NRBMoral Suasionनैतिक दबाबA qualitative monetary tool in which the central bank persuades banks, through meetings, appeals and public statements, to act in line with policy without issuing binding rules.Monetary Policy & NRBMortgage Loanधितोबन्धक कर्जा (मोर्गेज कर्जा)A mortgage loan is a loan secured by immovable property such as land or a building, where the borrower keeps possession but the lender holds a registered charge until the loan is repaid.Loans & CreditMultiple Bankingबहुबैंकिङ कर्जाMultiple banking is when one borrower takes separate loans from several banks without a common consortium agreement, each bank lending and securing its loan on its own.Loans & Credit