439 entries
Foreign Exchange Riskविदेशी विनिमय जोखिमForeign exchange risk is the risk that changes in exchange rates reduce a bank's income or capital because of mismatches between its foreign currency assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceForeign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 2075FITTAविदेशी लगानी तथा प्रविधि हस्तान्तरण ऐन, २०७५The Act that governs how foreign investors may invest in Nepal, how investment is approved and registered, and how capital and earnings are repatriated.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Foreign Tradeवैदेशिक व्यापारForeign trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders through exports and imports; the gap between exports and imports is the trade balance.Economy & MarketsForfaitingफरफेटिङForfaiting is the purchase by a bank or forfaiter of an exporter's medium-term receivables, usually guaranteed by the importer's bank, at a discount and without recourse to the exporter.Forex & Trade FinanceForward Contractफरवार्ड सम्झौताA forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specified amount of foreign currency at a rate fixed today, for settlement on a future date.Forex & Trade FinanceFunctions of a Commercial Bankवाणिज्य बैंकका कार्यहरूThe primary, agency and general utility services a commercial bank provides, centred on accepting deposits and lending, plus payment, remittance and other services.Banking BasicsFund-based and Non-fund-based Creditकोषमा आधारित र गैरकोषमा आधारित कर्जाFund-based credit involves an actual outflow of the bank's money, such as loans and overdrafts; non-fund-based credit is a commitment, such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee, that becomes a loan only if the customer fails to pay.Loans & CreditGeneral Loan Loss Provisionसामान्य कर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाGeneral loan loss provision is the provision kept on performing (pass and watchlist) loans to cover losses that are not yet identified in specific loans.Asset QualityGeneral Reserveसाधारण जगेडा कोषA statutory reserve that every bank and financial institution must build from its annual net profit under the Bank and Financial Institution Act. It forms part of Common Equity Tier 1 capital.Capital & BaselGood Governance (Management and Operation) Act, 2064सुशासन (व्यवस्थापन तथा सञ्चालन) ऐन, २०६४The Act that sets duties and procedures for public administration to be accountable, transparent, participatory and service-oriented, including citizen charters, public hearings and grievance handling.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Good for Payment ChequeGFPगुड फर पेमेन्ट चेकA customer's cheque on which the drawee bank certifies, at the holder's request, that funds are available and reserved, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsGovernment BudgetबजेटThe government budget is the annual statement of the government's estimated revenue and expenditure, and how any deficit will be financed, presented to and approved by Parliament.Economy & MarketsGovernment Securitiesसरकारी ऋणपत्र (सरकारी धितोपत्र)Government securities are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow from the public and institutions, including treasury bills, development bonds, and savings bonds.Economy & MarketsGrace Period (Moratorium)ग्रेस अवधि (मोराटोरियम)A grace period is the time from loan disbursement until the first instalment falls due, during which the borrower does not repay principal (and sometimes interest).Loans & CreditGreen PINग्रिन पिनGreen PIN is a paperless method of generating or resetting a card PIN at an ATM or through digital channels using an OTP sent to the registered mobile number, instead of a printed PIN mailer.Payments & Digital BankingGross Domestic ProductGDPकुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनGDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a period, usually a fiscal year.Economy & MarketsHedgingहेजिङHedging is taking an offsetting position, usually through a derivative or matching transaction, to reduce the risk of adverse price, rate or exchange rate movements.Forex & Trade FinanceHigh-powered Money (Reserve Money)RMउच्चशक्ति मुद्रा (सञ्चित मुद्रा)The money directly created by the central bank: currency in circulation plus the deposits of banks and others with the central bank. It is the base on which banks create broad money.Monetary Policy & NRBHigh-quality Liquid AssetsHQLAउच्च गुणस्तरका तरल सम्पत्तिUnencumbered assets that can be converted into cash quickly in private markets with little or no loss of value, held to meet liquidity needs during stress. They form the numerator of the Liquidity Coverage Ratio.LiquidityHire Purchase Loanहायरपर्चेज कर्जाA hire purchase loan finances the purchase of an asset such as a vehicle or machinery, which the buyer uses while paying instalments; ownership passes fully only after the last instalment.Loans & CreditHolder in Due CourseHDCरीतपूर्वकको धारकA holder who obtained a negotiable instrument for value, in good faith, and before its date of payment, without sufficient reason to believe the transferor's title was defective (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(ण)).Cheques & InstrumentsHome Loanआवासीय घर कर्जाA home loan is a loan to an individual to build or buy a house or apartment for own use or for renting out, repaid in instalments from the borrower's income.Loans & CreditHundiहुन्डीHundi (hawala) is an informal system of transferring money through a network of brokers who settle balances among themselves, without money physically moving through the formal banking system.Forex & Trade FinanceHypothecationदृष्टिबन्धक (हाइपोथिकेसन)Hypothecation is a charge on movable assets such as stock, receivables or vehicles given as security, where the borrower keeps both ownership and possession of the goods.Loans & CreditIT and Cyber Security Riskसूचना प्रविधि तथा साइबर सुरक्षा जोखिमIT and cyber risk is the risk of loss, disruption or data compromise from failure or misuse of information systems, including hacking, malware, fraud through digital channels and system outages.Risk & ComplianceIncotermsइन्कोटर्म्सIncoterms are standard trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers for delivery, costs and risk in international sales.Forex & Trade FinanceInflationमुद्रास्फीतिA sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money. In Nepal it is measured by the change in the consumer price index compiled by NRB.Monetary Policy & NRBInitial Public OfferingIPOप्रारम्भिक सार्वजनिक निष्काशनAn IPO is the first sale of a company's shares to the general public, after which the company becomes publicly held and its shares can be listed on the stock exchange.Economy & MarketsInsider Tradingभित्री कारोबारInsider trading is buying or selling securities using price-sensitive information that has not been made public, obtained through one's position or connection with the company.Economy & MarketsInsolvency Act, 2063दामासाही सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०६३The Act that sets the procedure for dealing with companies that cannot pay their debts, through inquiry, restructuring or liquidation and the ranking of creditors' claims.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Institutional and Individual Depositसंस्थागत र व्यक्तिगत निक्षेपIndividual deposits are placed by natural persons; institutional deposits are placed by firms, companies, government bodies, cooperatives and other organisations. NRB regulates the two differently.Deposits & AccountsInter-bank and Inter-branch Transactionअन्तरबैंक तथा अन्तरशाखा कारोबारInter-bank transactions are dealings between two different banks, such as clearing, fund transfers and interbank lending; inter-branch transactions are entries between branches of the same bank that must be reconciled through the head office.Banking BasicsInterbank Rateअन्तरबैंक दरThe interest rate at which banks and financial institutions lend short-term funds to one another. NRB uses the weighted average interbank rate of BFIs as the operating target of monetary policy.LiquidityInterchange Feeइन्टरचेन्ज शुल्कAn interchange fee is the fee paid between banks for card transactions: by the acquiring bank to the issuing bank for purchases, or by the issuer to the ATM-owning bank for off-us ATM use.Payments & Digital BankingInterest Capitalizationब्याज पुँजीकरणInterest capitalization means adding unpaid interest to the loan principal instead of collecting it in cash, so that the borrower pays it later with the principal.Loans & CreditInterest Coverage RatioICRब्याज भुक्तानी क्षमता अनुपातThe interest coverage ratio shows how many times a firm's operating profit covers its interest expense.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisInterest Rate CorridorIRCब्याजदर करिडोरA band of short-term interest rates set by NRB, with the standing deposit facility rate as the floor, the standing liquidity facility rate (bank rate) as the ceiling and the policy rate in between, within which the interbank rate is kept.Monetary Policy & NRBInterest Rate RiskIRRब्याजदर जोखिमInterest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates reduce a bank's net interest income or the value of its assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceInterest Spread Rateब्याजदर अन्तरInterest spread rate is the difference between the average interest rate a bank earns on its loans and the average interest rate it pays on its deposits.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisInterest-subsidised Concessional Loanसहुलियतपूर्ण कर्जा (ब्याज अनुदान कर्जा)A concessional loan is a loan to targeted borrowers, such as commercial farmers, women entrepreneurs and returnee migrants, on which the Government of Nepal pays part of the interest as a subsidy through the bank.Loans & CreditIntermediate Targetअन्तरिम लक्ष्यA variable between the central bank's instruments and its final goals, which the bank cannot control directly but which reliably predicts those goals. NRB's intermediate target is the NPR-INR exchange rate peg.Monetary Policy & NRBInternal Capital Adequacy Assessment ProcessICAAPआन्तरिक पुँजी पर्याप्तता मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रियाA bank's own board-approved process for identifying all its material risks and deciding how much capital it needs against them, beyond the Pillar 1 minimum. It is the bank's part of Pillar 2.Capital & BaselInternal Control and Internal Auditआन्तरिक नियन्त्रण तथा आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणInternal control is the set of policies, procedures and checks that management builds to protect assets, ensure accurate records and comply with laws; internal audit is the independent function that tests whether those controls work.Risk & ComplianceInternational Development AssociationIDAअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विकास संघIDA is the part of the World Bank that provides concessional (low or zero interest, long maturity) credits and grants to the world's poorest countries.InstitutionsInternational Monetary FundIMFअन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोषThe IMF is an international organisation that promotes global monetary cooperation and financial stability through surveillance of economies, lending to countries with balance of payments problems, and capacity development.InstitutionsIssuing Bankजारीकर्ता बैंकAn issuing bank is the bank or institution that issues a payment card to a customer, authorises the customer's transactions and bears responsibility for the cardholder's account.Payments & Digital BankingJoint Accountसंयुक्त खाताA deposit account held in the names of two or more persons, operated according to the mandate they give the bank, such as jointly, either or survivor, or former or survivor.Deposits & AccountsJournal Voucherजर्नल भौचरA journal voucher is the source document that records a transaction's debit and credit entries, with supporting details and authorisation, before it is posted to the ledger.Profitability & Financial AnalysisKnow Your CustomerKYCग्राहक पहिचानKYC is the process by which a bank identifies a customer and verifies that identity with reliable documents before and during a business relationship. It is the first line of defence against money laundering, fraud and terrorist financing.Risk & ComplianceLarge Borrower Reportingठूला ऋणीको विवरणLarge borrowers are customers whose loans exceed an NRB threshold (Rs 5 crore for commercial banks, Rs 2 crore for development banks and finance companies), whose details banks must report to NRB every quarter.Asset QualityLedgerखाता बहीA ledger is the book of accounts in which entries from the journal are posted and grouped account by account to show each account's balance.Profitability & Financial AnalysisLender of Last ResortLOLRअन्तिम ऋणदाताThe central bank's role of lending to banks in exceptional circumstances when they cannot get funds elsewhere, to prevent a liquidity problem from becoming a bank failure or a system-wide crisis.Monetary Policy & NRBLetter of CreditLCप्रतीतपत्रA letter of credit is a bank's written undertaking, issued on behalf of a buyer, to pay the seller a stated amount provided the seller presents documents that comply with the terms of the credit.Forex & Trade FinanceLeverage Ratioलिभरेज अनुपातA simple, non-risk-based ratio of Tier 1 capital to a bank's total on- and off-balance-sheet exposure. It acts as a backstop to the risk-weighted capital ratio.RatioCapital & BaselLienलियन (रोक्का राख्ने अधिकार)A lien is a creditor's right to keep possession of a debtor's property or funds until the debtor pays what is owed.Loans & CreditLimited Banking Unitसीमित बैंकिङ इकाइA small office opened by a BFI, staffed regularly or on fixed days, to provide limited banking services in unbanked areas outside the Kathmandu Valley and other cities.Banking BasicsLiquid Assetsतरल सम्पत्तिAssets that a bank can convert into cash quickly and with little loss, such as cash in vault, balances with NRB and other banks, call money and government securities.LiquidityLiquidity Coverage RatioLCRतरलता कभरेज अनुपातA Basel III standard requiring banks to hold enough unencumbered high-quality liquid assets to cover their total net cash outflows over a 30-day stress period.RatioLiquidityLiquidity Crunchतरलता अभावA situation in which banks run short of loanable funds, so interbank rates rise, lending slows and banks compete for deposits.LiquidityLiquidity Managementतरलता व्यवस्थापनThe way a bank plans and controls its cash, liquid assets and funding so that it can meet withdrawals and payment obligations on time at reasonable cost, while still earning on idle funds.Liquidity