383 entries
ChequeचेकA bill of exchange drawn on a specified bank and payable on demand (Negotiable Instruments Act, 2034, Section 2(ज)).Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Bounce (Dishonour)चेक अनादर (चेक बाउन्स)Refusal by the drawee bank to pay a cheque, most commonly because the drawer's account has insufficient funds, but also for reasons such as signature mismatch, closed account or stop payment.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Clearingचेक क्लियरिङ (चेक समाशोधन)The process by which a cheque deposited at one bank (presenting bank) is sent to the bank on which it is drawn (paying bank) for payment, and the resulting amounts are settled between the banks.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Number and MICRMICRचेक नम्बर र एमआईसीआरMICR is the line of magnetic-ink characters printed at the bottom of a standard cheque that machines read automatically; it carries the cheque serial number, bank (member) code, branch code, account number and transaction code.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Truncationचेक ट्रंकेसनStopping the physical movement of a cheque at the presenting bank and sending only its scanned image and data to the paying bank for clearing.Cheques & InstrumentsChief Risk OfficerCROप्रमुख जोखिम अधिकृतThe Chief Risk Officer is the senior official who heads a bank's independent risk management function and reports risk exposures to the board-level risk management committee.Risk & ComplianceClass A: Commercial Bank"क" वर्ग: वाणिज्य बैंकA bank licensed by NRB in class "A" under BAFIA 2073, permitted to carry out the widest range of banking and financial transactions in Nepal.Banking BasicsClass B: Development Bank"ख" वर्ग: विकास बैंकA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "B" under BAFIA 2073 that must use the words "development bank" in its name and may carry out a defined subset of banking transactions.Banking BasicsClass C: Finance Company"ग" वर्ग: वित्त कम्पनीA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "C" under BAFIA 2073 that must use the words "finance company" in its name and may carry out a narrower set of deposit and lending activities.Banking BasicsClass D: Microfinance Financial InstitutionMFI"घ" वर्ग: लघुवित्त वित्तीय संस्थाA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "D" under BAFIA 2073 that provides small loans and related services mainly to low-income groups and their members, and must use "microfinance financial institution" in its name.Banking BasicsClean Note Policyसफा नोट नीतिNRB's policy requiring banks to put only clean, fit notes back into circulation and to separate soiled or damaged notes for return to NRB or a currency chest.Banking BasicsCollateralधितो सुरक्षणCollateral is an asset that a borrower or a third party offers to a lender as security, which the lender can sell to recover the loan if the borrower defaults.Loans & CreditCommercial Invoiceवाणिज्यिक बीजकA commercial invoice is the seller's bill to the buyer in an international sale, describing the goods, quantity, price, terms of sale and total amount due.Forex & Trade FinanceCompound InterestCIचक्रीय ब्याजInterest calculated on the principal plus interest already earned, so that interest itself earns interest at each compounding period.Deposits & AccountsConnected Borrowers (Group of Related Customers)आपसी सम्बन्ध भएका ग्राहकहरूको समूहConnected borrowers are customers linked by ownership, management, family ties, guarantees or shared collateral, whom NRB treats as one group for the single obligor limit.Asset QualityConsortium Financingसह-वित्तीयकरण कर्जाConsortium financing is a loan given jointly by two or more banks to one borrower or project under an agreement, usually with one bank acting as the lead bank.Loans & CreditConsumer Price IndexCPIउपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकाङ्कAn index that measures the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a fixed basket of goods and services. Its percentage change is the usual measure of inflation in Nepal.Monetary Policy & NRBContingency Funding PlanCFPआकस्मिक कोष योजनाA bank's pre-approved plan setting out how it will raise funds and manage cash flows if it faces a liquidity crisis.LiquidityContribution Marginयोगदान मार्जिनContribution margin is sales revenue minus variable costs, the amount available to cover fixed costs and earn profit.Profitability & Financial AnalysisCore Depositमूल निक्षेपThe stable portion of a bank's deposits that is unlikely to leave even when interest rates change, typically small retail current, saving and fixed deposits from a loyal customer base.Deposits & AccountsCorporate Governanceसंस्थागत सुशासनCorporate governance is the system of rules, structures and practices by which a company is directed and controlled, defining the roles of the board, management, shareholders and other stakeholders.Risk & ComplianceCost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCVPलागत-परिमाण-नाफा विश्लेषणCost-volume-profit analysis studies how changes in costs, selling price and volume affect a firm's profit.Profitability & Financial AnalysisCountercyclical Capital BufferCCyBप्रतिचक्रीय पुँजी बफरA time-varying capital add-on in CET1 that the regulator switches on when credit grows excessively, so banks build extra capital before a downturn and can release it afterwards.Capital & BaselCounterfeit Note Detectionनक्कली नोट पहिचानChecking banknotes for the security features printed by the issuing central bank so that forged notes are identified and kept out of circulation.Banking BasicsCredit Appraisalकर्जा विश्लेषण (क्रेडिट मूल्याङ्कन)Credit appraisal is the bank's assessment of a loan proposal, covering the borrower's repayment capacity, financial position, purpose, collateral and risks, before deciding whether and on what terms to lend.Loans & CreditCredit Cardक्रेडिट कार्डA credit card is a payment card that lets the holder buy goods and services or withdraw cash on credit up to a pre-approved limit and repay later.Payments & Digital BankingCredit Card Loanक्रेडिट कार्ड कर्जाA credit card loan is the revolving, usually unsecured, credit a bank extends through a credit card, which the cardholder repays in full or in part each billing cycle.Loans & CreditCredit Information Bureau of NepalCIBकर्जा सूचना केन्द्रThe Credit Information Bureau is the institution that collects borrowers' credit information from banks and financial institutions, provides credit reports to lenders, and maintains the blacklist of wilful and serious defaulters.InstitutionsCredit Information and Blacklistingकर्जा सूचना तथा कालोसूचीCredit information is the record of borrowers' loans and repayment history that banks share through Credit Information Bureau of Nepal Ltd, which also keeps the blacklist of defaulters.Loans & CreditCredit Ratingक्रेडिट रेटिङ (साख मूल्याङ्कन)A credit rating is an independent assessment by a rating agency of a borrower's or an instrument's ability and willingness to repay debt on time, shown as a letter grade.Loans & CreditCredit Riskकर्जा जोखिमCredit risk is the risk of loss when a borrower or counterparty fails to repay principal or interest, or otherwise fails to meet agreed obligations.Risk & ComplianceCrossed Chequeरेखाङ्कित चेकA cheque with two parallel lines across its face, which can be paid only to a banker (general crossing) or to the named banker (special crossing), not in cash over the counter.Cheques & InstrumentsCurrency ChestनोटकोषA store of NRB-owned currency kept at a designated bank branch in places without an NRB office, from which banks draw fresh notes and to which they deposit surplus and unfit notes.Banking BasicsCurrency Convertibilityमुद्राको परिवर्त्यताCurrency convertibility is the freedom to exchange a domestic currency into foreign currency, and vice versa, at market-determined or official rates for specified purposes.Forex & Trade FinanceCurrency Managementमुद्रा व्यवस्थापनThe central bank's function of designing, printing, issuing, distributing, withdrawing and destroying banknotes and coins, so that the economy has enough clean, genuine currency.Monetary Policy & NRBCurrency Swapमुद्रा स्वापA currency swap is an agreement in which two parties exchange amounts in two currencies now and reverse the exchange at a later date at a pre-agreed rate.Forex & Trade FinanceCurrent Accountचल्ती खाताA deposit account from which money can be withdrawn at any time on demand, mainly used by businesses for frequent transactions; it usually pays no interest.Deposits & AccountsCustomer Complaint and Grievance Handlingग्राहक गुनासो सुनुवाइThe system a BFI must keep to receive, record, resolve and report customer complaints, with escalation to NRB if the customer is not satisfied.Banking BasicsCustomer Due DiligenceCDDग्राहक पहिचान तथा सम्पुष्टिCDD is the full set of measures a bank takes to identify and verify a customer and beneficial owner, understand the purpose of the relationship, assess risk and keep monitoring transactions throughout the relationship.Risk & ComplianceCustoms Declarationभन्सार प्रज्ञापनपत्रA customs declaration is the document an importer or exporter files with customs, giving details of goods, value and classification so that duties can be assessed and goods cleared.Forex & Trade FinanceDays Past Due (Overdue Period)DPDभाखा नाघेको अवधिDays past due is the number of days by which a scheduled payment of principal or interest is late; it is the main basis for classifying loans in Nepal.Asset QualityDebentureऋणपत्र (डिबेन्चर)A debenture is a debt instrument issued by a company acknowledging a loan from investors, on which the company pays fixed interest and repays the principal at maturity.Economy & MarketsDebit Cardडेबिट कार्डA debit card is a payment card linked to a customer's bank account, so each purchase or withdrawal is deducted directly from the available balance.Payments & Digital BankingDeflationअपस्फीतिDeflation is a sustained fall in the general price level, meaning inflation is negative; disinflation is a fall in the rate of inflation while prices still rise.Economy & MarketsDemand DraftDDड्राफ्ट (डिमान्ड ड्राफ्ट)A bill of exchange drawn by one office of a bank on another of its offices, payable on demand to a specified person or order (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(झ)).Cheques & InstrumentsDepartment of Money Laundering InvestigationDMLIसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरण अनुसन्धान विभागThe Department of Money Laundering Investigation is the government agency that investigates money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing offences and files cases in court.InstitutionsDepositनिक्षेपMoney placed by customers with a bank or financial institution, with or without interest, that the institution must repay on demand or at maturity.Deposits & AccountsDeposit Collection Auctionनिक्षेप संकलन बोलकबोलAn open market operation in which NRB invites banks and financial institutions to bid to place their surplus funds with NRB for a fixed term, absorbing excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBDeposit Insuranceनिक्षेप सुरक्षणProtection under which a deposit guarantee fund pays depositors up to a set limit if their bank or financial institution fails; in Nepal it is provided by the Deposit and Credit Guarantee Fund.Deposits & AccountsDeposit and Credit Guarantee FundDCGFनिक्षेप तथा कर्जा सुरक्षण कोषThe Deposit and Credit Guarantee Fund is the government-owned body that insures small depositors' money in banks and financial institutions and guarantees certain loans to small and medium enterprises, agriculture, microfinance and exports.InstitutionsDevaluationअवमूल्यनDevaluation is a deliberate official reduction in the value of a currency under a fixed or pegged exchange rate system; revaluation is the opposite.Forex & Trade FinanceDevelopment Bondविकास ऋणपत्रA development bond is a long-term government bond, issued with a fixed coupon for several years, to finance development spending.Economy & MarketsDirect Debitप्रत्यक्ष डेबिटA direct debit is a payment in which the payee, with the payer's prior authorisation (mandate), collects money directly from the payer's bank account.Payments & Digital BankingDocuments against AcceptanceDAAस्वीकृतिविरुद्ध कागजातDocuments against acceptance is a documentary collection in which the shipping documents are released to the importer when the importer accepts a usance bill of exchange promising to pay on a future date.Forex & Trade FinanceDocuments against PaymentDAPभुक्तानीविरुद्ध कागजातDocuments against payment is a documentary collection in which the importer's bank releases the shipping documents to the importer only after the importer pays the bill.Forex & Trade FinanceDormant Accountनिष्क्रिय खाताA deposit account that the bank has classified as inactive because the customer has made no transactions for the period NRB prescribes.Deposits & AccountsDouble Entry Systemदोहोरो लेखा प्रणालीThe double entry system records every transaction in at least two accounts, with equal debit and credit amounts.Profitability & Financial AnalysisDoubtful Loanशंकास्पद कर्जाA doubtful loan is a non-performing loan overdue by 6 months to 1 year, where full recovery is highly uncertain, requiring at least a 50% provision.Asset QualityDrawer, Drawee and Payeeड्रअर, ड्रयी र भुक्तानी पाउने व्यक्तिThe three basic parties to a bill of exchange or cheque: the drawer who writes it, the drawee who is directed to pay, and the payee who is to receive payment.Cheques & InstrumentsDuPont Analysisडुपोन्ट विश्लेषणDuPont analysis breaks return on equity into profit margin, asset turnover and financial leverage to show what drives it.Profitability & Financial Analysis