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AML/CFT Compliance Officerकार्यान्वयन अधिकारी (सम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरण निवारण)The compliance officer is the management-level official who heads a bank's AML/CFT unit, ensures compliance with the law and NRB directives, and sends suspicious transaction reports to the FIU.Risk & ComplianceAnti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of TerrorismAML/CFTसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरण निवारण तथा आतङ्ककारी कार्यमा वित्तीय लगानी निवारणAML/CFT is the set of laws, institutions and controls that prevent criminals from disguising illegal proceeds and stop funds from reaching terrorists or weapons proliferators.Risk & ComplianceAudit Committeeलेखापरीक्षण समितिThe audit committee is a board committee of non-executive directors that oversees a bank's financial reporting, internal control, internal audit and the work of external auditors.Risk & ComplianceBanking Offenceबैंकिङ कसुरA banking offence is an act prohibited by the Banking Offence and Punishment Act, 2064, such as opening accounts or withdrawing money without authority, misusing loans or forging bank documents, which harms the banking and financial system.Risk & ComplianceBeneficial OwnerBOवास्तविक धनीA beneficial owner is the natural person who ultimately owns or controls a customer or on whose behalf a transaction is carried out, even if the account is in another person's or a company's name.Risk & ComplianceBusiness Continuity Plan and Disaster RecoveryBCP/DRव्यवसाय निरन्तरता योजना तथा विपद् पुनर्लाभA business continuity plan sets out how a bank keeps critical services running during disruptions such as earthquakes, fires, pandemics or system failures; disaster recovery covers restoring IT systems and data, usually from a backup site.Risk & ComplianceChief Risk OfficerCROप्रमुख जोखिम अधिकृतThe Chief Risk Officer is the senior official who heads a bank's independent risk management function and reports risk exposures to the board-level risk management committee.Risk & ComplianceCorporate Governanceसंस्थागत सुशासनCorporate governance is the system of rules, structures and practices by which a company is directed and controlled, defining the roles of the board, management, shareholders and other stakeholders.Risk & ComplianceCredit Riskकर्जा जोखिमCredit risk is the risk of loss when a borrower or counterparty fails to repay principal or interest, or otherwise fails to meet agreed obligations.Risk & ComplianceCustomer Due DiligenceCDDग्राहक पहिचान तथा सम्पुष्टिCDD is the full set of measures a bank takes to identify and verify a customer and beneficial owner, understand the purpose of the relationship, assess risk and keep monitoring transactions throughout the relationship.Risk & ComplianceEnhanced Customer Due DiligenceECDDबृहत् ग्राहक पहिचानEnhanced due diligence is a stricter level of customer due diligence applied to high-risk customers, requiring extra verification of source of funds, purpose and closer monitoring.Risk & ComplianceFATF Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring)FATF ग्रे सूची (बढ्दो निगरानीमा रहेका मुलुक)The grey list is the FATF's public list of jurisdictions that have strategic AML/CFT/CPF deficiencies and have committed to resolve them within agreed timeframes under increased FATF monitoring.Risk & ComplianceFinancial Action Task ForceFATFवित्तीय कारबाही कार्यदलThe FATF is the global inter-governmental body that sets international standards (the FATF Recommendations) against money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing, and publicly lists countries with strategic deficiencies.Risk & ComplianceFinancial Information UnitFIU-Nepalवित्तीय जानकारी इकाईFIU-Nepal is the national agency, housed in Nepal Rastra Bank, that receives, analyses and disseminates suspicious and threshold transaction reports related to money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing.Risk & ComplianceForeign Exchange Riskविदेशी विनिमय जोखिमForeign exchange risk is the risk that changes in exchange rates reduce a bank's income or capital because of mismatches between its foreign currency assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceIT and Cyber Security Riskसूचना प्रविधि तथा साइबर सुरक्षा जोखिमIT and cyber risk is the risk of loss, disruption or data compromise from failure or misuse of information systems, including hacking, malware, fraud through digital channels and system outages.Risk & ComplianceInterest Rate RiskIRRब्याजदर जोखिमInterest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates reduce a bank's net interest income or the value of its assets and liabilities.Risk & ComplianceInternal Control and Internal Auditआन्तरिक नियन्त्रण तथा आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणInternal control is the set of policies, procedures and checks that management builds to protect assets, ensure accurate records and comply with laws; internal audit is the independent function that tests whether those controls work.Risk & ComplianceKnow Your CustomerKYCग्राहक पहिचानKYC is the process by which a bank identifies a customer and verifies that identity with reliable documents before and during a business relationship. It is the first line of defence against money laundering, fraud and terrorist financing.Risk & ComplianceLiquidity Riskतरलता जोखिमLiquidity risk is the risk that a bank cannot meet its payment obligations, such as deposit withdrawals, when they fall due without unacceptable cost or loss.Risk & ComplianceMarket Riskबजार जोखिमMarket risk is the risk of loss from movements in market prices such as interest rates, exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices.Risk & ComplianceMoney LaunderingMLसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणMoney laundering is converting, transferring, hiding or using property derived from crime so that its illegal origin is concealed and it appears legitimate.Risk & ComplianceMutual EvaluationMERपारस्परिक मूल्याङ्कनA mutual evaluation is a peer review in which experts from other member countries assess a country's technical compliance with the FATF Recommendations and the effectiveness of its AML/CFT system.Risk & ComplianceNational Risk AssessmentNRAराष्ट्रिय जोखिम मूल्याङ्कनA national risk assessment is a country-level study that identifies the main money laundering and terrorist financing threats, vulnerable sectors and overall risk so that policy and resources can be targeted.Risk & ComplianceOperational Riskसञ्चालन जोखिमOperational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.Risk & CompliancePolitically Exposed PersonPEPउच्चपदस्थ व्यक्तिA PEP is a person who holds or has held a prominent public function, such as a head of state, senior politician, senior judge or senior official of a state-owned body, whose position creates higher risk of corruption-related money laundering.Risk & ComplianceReputation, Strategic, Legal and ESG Risksप्रतिष्ठा, रणनीतिक, कानुनी तथा वातावरणीय-सामाजिक जोखिमThese are risks outside the main credit, market and operational categories: loss of public trust (reputation), poor business decisions (strategic), losses from lawsuits or unenforceable contracts (legal), and environmental, social and climate-related risks.Risk & ComplianceRisk Appetite and Tolerance Limitजोखिम वहन क्षमता र सहनसीमाRisk appetite is the amount and type of risk a bank's board is willing to take to meet its objectives; the tolerance limit is the maximum deviation from that level the bank can accept.Risk & ComplianceRisk-Based ApproachRBAजोखिममा आधारित पद्धतिA risk-based approach means identifying and assessing money laundering and terrorist financing risks and applying stronger controls where risk is higher and lighter controls where it is lower.Risk & ComplianceShell Bankशेल बैंकA shell bank is a bank that has no physical presence (no real office, management or records) in the country where it is incorporated and licensed, and is not part of a regulated financial group.Risk & ComplianceSimplified Customer Due DiligenceSDDसरलीकृत ग्राहक पहिचानSimplified due diligence is a lighter set of customer identification measures allowed where the money laundering and terrorist financing risk is assessed as low, mainly to promote financial inclusion.Risk & ComplianceStress Testingदबाब परीक्षणStress testing is a forward-looking exercise that applies severe but plausible shocks to a bank's balance sheet to see how its capital, earnings and liquidity would hold up.Risk & ComplianceSuspicious Activity ReportSARशंकास्पद गतिविधि प्रतिवेदनA SAR is a report to the FIU about suspicious behaviour or an attempted transaction, even where no transaction is completed.Risk & ComplianceSuspicious Transaction ReportSTRशंकास्पद कारोबार प्रतिवेदनAn STR is a report a reporting entity must send to the FIU when it suspects, or has reasonable grounds to suspect, that a customer, transaction or property is linked to money laundering, terrorist financing or another offence.Risk & ComplianceTargeted Financial SanctionsTFSसूचीकृत व्यक्ति सम्बन्धी वित्तीय प्रतिबन्धTargeted financial sanctions require banks to freeze, without delay, the funds and assets of persons, groups and entities designated under UN Security Council resolutions or national lists for terrorism or proliferation, and not to make funds available to them.Risk & ComplianceTerrorist FinancingTFआतङ्ककारी कार्यमा वित्तीय लगानीTerrorist financing is providing or collecting funds or property, by any means, knowing or intending that they will be used for a terrorist act or by a terrorist person or organisation.Risk & ComplianceThree Lines of Defenceजोखिम व्यवस्थापनका तीन सुरक्षा घेराThe three lines of defence is a model that divides risk responsibilities between business units (first line), independent risk management and compliance (second line), and internal audit (third line).Risk & ComplianceThreshold Transaction ReportTTRसीमा कारोबार प्रतिवेदनA TTR is a report that a bank must send to the FIU for every transaction at or above the amount fixed by NRB, whether or not the transaction is suspicious.Risk & ComplianceTipping Offसूचना चुहाउने कार्यTipping off is informing a customer or any third person that a suspicious transaction report has been or will be filed, or that an investigation is under way.Risk & ComplianceTrade-Based Money LaunderingTBMLव्यापारमा आधारित सम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणTBML is disguising proceeds of crime and moving value through trade transactions, typically by over-invoicing or under-invoicing goods, misdescribing goods, or multiple invoicing.Risk & CompliancegoAMLgoAML सफ्टवेयरgoAML is the financial intelligence software developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that FIU-Nepal uses to receive and analyse STR, SAR and TTR reports electronically.Risk & Compliance