417 entries
Margin of SafetyMOSसुरक्षा सीमाMargin of safety is the amount by which actual or budgeted sales exceed break-even sales.Profitability & Financial AnalysisMarket Riskबजार जोखिमMarket risk is the risk of loss from movements in market prices such as interest rates, exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices.Risk & ComplianceMaterial Alterationमूलभूत केरमेटA change in an essential part of a negotiable instrument, such as the amount, date or payee, that alters its meaning, form or the parties' liability (NI Act, 2034, Section 61).Cheques & InstrumentsMerchant Discount RateMDRमर्चेन्ट डिस्काउन्ट दरThe merchant discount rate is the fee, usually a percentage of the transaction value, that a merchant pays its acquiring bank for accepting card or digital payments.Payments & Digital BankingMerger and AcquisitionM&Aगाभ्ने गाभिने तथा प्राप्तिA merger combines two or more BFIs into one (either a new entity or the survivor), while an acquisition is one BFI buying all or a controlling part of another's assets, liabilities or shares.Banking BasicsMeroShareमेरो शेयरMeroShare is the online portal of CDS and Clearing Limited through which investors view their demat holdings, apply for public issues through C-ASBA and manage share transfers.Payments & Digital BankingMicroeconomics and Macroeconomicsसूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र र बृहत् अर्थशास्त्रMicroeconomics studies the behaviour of individual units such as consumers, firms and markets; macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole, including national income, inflation, unemployment and growth.Economy & MarketsMinimum Balanceन्यूनतम मौज्दातThe lowest amount a bank asks a customer to keep in a current or saving account under the product's terms.Deposits & AccountsMinimum Paid-up Capital Requirementन्यूनतम चुक्ता पुँजीThe smallest amount of paid-up capital NRB requires a licensed bank or financial institution of each class and operating area to hold.Capital & BaselMinor's Accountनाबालकको खाताA deposit account opened in the name of a person below the age of majority, operated by a natural or legal guardian until the minor becomes an adult.Deposits & AccountsMobile (Ghumti) Banking Serviceघुम्ती बैंकिङ सेवाBanking service provided from an office set up in a vehicle that visits places without banking access on a schedule, under NRB's Unified Directive.Banking BasicsMobile Bankingमोबाइल बैंकिङMobile banking is the provision of banking services through a mobile phone, using an app, USSD or SMS, so customers can check balances, transfer funds and make payments.Payments & Digital BankingMonetary Policyमौद्रिक नीतिThe central bank's policy of managing money supply, interest rates and liquidity to achieve price stability, external stability and support for economic growth.Monetary Policy & NRBMonetary Transmission Mechanismमौद्रिक प्रसार संयन्त्रThe channels through which a change in the central bank's policy rate or liquidity affects market interest rates, credit, asset prices, the exchange rate and finally output and inflation.Monetary Policy & NRBMoney LaunderingMLसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणMoney laundering is converting, transferring, hiding or using property derived from crime so that its illegal origin is concealed and it appears legitimate.Risk & ComplianceMoney Marketमुद्रा बजारThe money market is the market for borrowing and lending short-term funds, usually with maturities of up to one year, through instruments such as treasury bills, interbank loans, repo and call money.Economy & MarketsMoney Supply (M1, M2)मुद्राप्रदायThe total stock of money held by the public in an economy. NRB measures it as narrow money (M1), M1+, broad money (M2) and broad money liquidity (M3).Monetary Policy & NRBMoral Suasionनैतिक दबाबA qualitative monetary tool in which the central bank persuades banks, through meetings, appeals and public statements, to act in line with policy without issuing binding rules.Monetary Policy & NRBMortgage Loanधितोबन्धक कर्जा (मोर्गेज कर्जा)A mortgage loan is a loan secured by immovable property such as land or a building, where the borrower keeps possession but the lender holds a registered charge until the loan is repaid.Loans & CreditMultiple Bankingबहुबैंकिङ कर्जाMultiple banking is when one borrower takes separate loans from several banks without a common consortium agreement, each bank lending and securing its loan on its own.Loans & CreditMutual EvaluationMERपारस्परिक मूल्याङ्कनA mutual evaluation is a peer review in which experts from other member countries assess a country's technical compliance with the FATF Recommendations and the effectiveness of its AML/CFT system.Risk & ComplianceMutual Fundसामूहिक लगानी कोषA mutual fund pools money from many investors and invests it in a diversified portfolio of securities managed by a professional fund manager, with investors owning units of the fund.Economy & MarketsNEPALPAY QRनेपालपे क्युआरNEPALPAY QR is the QR payment scheme of Nepal Clearing House Limited, implemented under NRB's NepalQR standard as part of the National Payment Switch.Payments & Digital BankingNEPSE Indexनेप्से परिसूचकThe NEPSE Index is the main stock market index of Nepal, measuring the overall price movement of shares listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange, weighted by market capitalisation.Economy & MarketsNRB Bondनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ऋणपत्रA debt security issued by Nepal Rastra Bank itself to absorb liquidity from the banking system, used especially for structural excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBNRB Unified Directivesएकीकृत निर्देशनThe consolidated set of prudential and regulatory directives that Nepal Rastra Bank issues to licensed banks and financial institutions, updated periodically to include all circulars issued since the previous edition.Monetary Policy & NRBNational Incomeराष्ट्रिय आयNational income is the total income earned by a country's residents from production in a year; its main measures are GDP, GNI (GNP), NNP and national income at factor cost.Economy & MarketsNational Payment SwitchNPSराष्ट्रिय भुक्तानी स्विचThe National Payment Switch is the core infrastructure, mandated by Nepal Rastra Bank and implemented by NCHL, for routing and settling retail card and non-card payments interoperably within Nepal.Payments & Digital BankingNational Payments InterfaceNPIराष्ट्रिय भुक्तानी इन्टरफेसThe National Payments Interface is NCHL's consolidated open API platform that gives participants access to multiple payment systems, such as NCHL-IPS and the Retail Payment Switch, through one interface.Payments & Digital BankingNational Risk AssessmentNRAराष्ट्रिय जोखिम मूल्याङ्कनA national risk assessment is a country-level study that identifies the main money laundering and terrorist financing threats, vulnerable sectors and overall risk so that policy and resources can be targeted.Risk & ComplianceNear Field CommunicationNFCनिकट क्षेत्र सञ्चारNFC is a short-range wireless technology that lets two devices exchange data when held a few centimetres apart, used for tap-and-pay card and mobile payments.Payments & Digital BankingNegotiable Instrumentविनिमेय अधिकारपत्रA written instrument for payment of money that can be transferred by delivery or endorsement so that the transferee becomes the holder; under Nepal's NI Act, 2034 it means a promissory note and a bill of exchange, which includes cheques and drafts.Cheques & InstrumentsNeo Bankनियो बैंकA digital-first financial institution, usually technology or fintech led, that offers banking services only through mobile apps and online platforms without physical branches.Banking BasicsNepal Bank LimitedNBLनेपाल बैंक लिमिटेडNepal Bank Limited is the first bank of Nepal, established on Kartik 30, 1994 BS (15 November 1937) under the Nepal Bank Act, and is now a Class A commercial bank with majority government ownership.InstitutionsNepal Bankers' AssociationNBAनेपाल बैंकर्स संघThe Nepal Bankers' Association is the industry association of commercial banks in Nepal that coordinates its members, promotes uniform banking standards and represents banks before regulators and the government.InstitutionsNepal Clearing House LimitedNCHLनेपाल क्लियरिङ हाउस लिमिटेडNepal Clearing House Limited is the public company, set up under NRB's leadership, that operates Nepal's national clearing and retail payment systems such as electronic cheque clearing, interbank payments and connectIPS.InstitutionsNepal Financial Reporting StandardsNFRSनेपाल वित्तीय प्रतिवेदन मानNFRS are Nepal's accounting standards, based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), that govern how entities prepare and present financial statements.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNepal Insurance AuthorityNIAनेपाल बीमा प्राधिकरणThe Nepal Insurance Authority is the sole regulator of the insurance business in Nepal, responsible for licensing, regulating, inspecting and supervising insurers and insurance intermediaries.InstitutionsNepal Rastra BankNRBनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकNepal Rastra Bank is the central bank of Nepal, responsible for monetary and foreign exchange policy, regulating and supervising banks and financial institutions, issuing currency and overseeing the payment system.InstitutionsNepal Stock ExchangeNEPSEनेपाल स्टक एक्सचेन्ज (नेपाल धितोपत्र विनिमय बजार)NEPSE is Nepal's only operating stock exchange, where listed shares, debentures and mutual fund units are traded in the secondary market.InstitutionsNepal-India Currency Pegनेपाली-भारतीय रुपैयाँ स्थिर विनिमय दरThe Nepal-India currency peg is the fixed exchange rate arrangement under which the Nepali rupee is kept at NPR 1.60 per Indian rupee.Forex & Trade FinanceNet Interest IncomeNIIखुद ब्याज आम्दानीNet interest income is the difference between the interest a bank earns on its assets and the interest it pays on its liabilities.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNominal Anchorनाममात्रको अङ्कुशA nominal variable that a central bank fixes or targets to tie down the price level and inflation expectations. Nepal's nominal anchor is the fixed exchange rate of the Nepali rupee with the Indian rupee.Monetary Policy & NRBNomineeइच्छाएको व्यक्ति (नोमिनी)The person an account holder names in advance to receive the deposit if the account holder dies.Banking BasicsNon-banking AssetsNBAगैरबैंकिङ सम्पत्तिNon-banking assets are properties, usually land and buildings, that a bank takes over in its own name from defaulting borrowers when the collateral cannot be sold at auction.Asset QualityNon-interest Incomeगैरब्याज आम्दानीNon-interest income is a bank's income from sources other than interest, such as fees, commissions, foreign exchange gains and service charges.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNon-performing Loan (NPL / NPA)NPLनिष्क्रिय कर्जाA non-performing loan is a loan on which principal or interest has been overdue for more than three months, or that NRB rules otherwise treat as impaired; in Nepal it covers substandard, doubtful, loss and restructured or rescheduled loans.Asset QualityNostro Accountनस्ट्रो खाताA nostro account is a bank's own account held with a correspondent bank abroad, denominated in that foreign country's currency.Forex & Trade FinanceNot Negotiable Crossingविनिमेय गर्न नसकिने रेखाङ्कनA crossing that includes the words "not negotiable", so that a person taking the cheque cannot obtain or give a better title than the person from whom it was received (NI Act, 2034, Section 89).Cheques & InstrumentsNoting and Protestअनादर जनाउने र प्रमाणित गराउने (नोटिङ र प्रोटेस्ट)Noting is a notary public's record on a dishonoured instrument of the fact, date and reason of dishonour; protest is the notary's formal certificate of that dishonour, used as evidence (NI Act, 2034, Sections 71 to 77).Cheques & InstrumentsOpen Bankingखुला बैंकिङOpen banking is the practice of banks securely sharing customer-permitted data and payment functions with authorised third parties through standard APIs.Payments & Digital BankingOpen Market OperationsOMOखुला बजार कारोबारThe buying and selling of government or central bank securities, and related repo and deposit operations, by NRB to inject or absorb liquidity in the banking system.Monetary Policy & NRBOperating Leverageसञ्चालन लिभरेजOperating leverage measures how sensitive operating profit is to a change in sales, arising from the presence of fixed operating costs.Profitability & Financial AnalysisOperating Targetसञ्चालन लक्ष्यThe short-term financial variable that a central bank controls directly day to day through its instruments in order to reach its intermediate and final goals. NRB's operating target is the weighted average interbank rate of BFIs.Monetary Policy & NRBOperational Riskसञ्चालन जोखिमOperational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.Risk & ComplianceOrder Chequeअह्राएकोलाई भुक्तानी हुने चेक (अर्डर चेक)A cheque payable to a named person or to anyone that person orders, transferable only by endorsement and delivery.Cheques & InstrumentsOutright Sale and Purchase Auctionसोझै खरिद तथा बिक्री बोलकबोलOpen market operations in which NRB permanently buys or sells government securities through auctions, with no agreement to reverse the deal.Monetary Policy & NRBOverdraftODअधिविकर्ष (ओभरड्राफ्ट)An overdraft lets a customer withdraw more than the balance in a current account, up to an approved limit, and pay interest only on the amount actually used.Loans & CreditPaid-up Capitalचुक्ता पुँजीThe part of a company's issued share capital that shareholders have actually paid in full. For a bank it is the base of core capital and is used to judge size and strength.Capital & BaselPari Passu Chargeपारिपासु (समान हैसियतको धितो)Pari passu means "on an equal footing": lenders sharing a pari passu charge have equal rights over the same security, and recoveries are shared in proportion to their loans.Loans & Credit