439 entries
Liquidity Riskतरलता जोखिमLiquidity risk is the risk that a bank cannot meet its payment obligations, such as deposit withdrawals, when they fall due without unacceptable cost or loss.Risk & ComplianceLoan / Creditकर्जा / ऋणA loan is money a bank lends to a borrower on agreed terms, to be repaid with interest within a fixed time. Credit is the wider idea of trust that lets a borrower receive funds or facilities now and pay later.Loans & CreditLoan Classification (Pass, Watchlist, Substandard, Doubtful, Loss)कर्जा वर्गीकरण (असल, सूक्ष्म निगरानी, कमसल, शंकास्पद, खराब)Loan classification is the grouping of loans by how long principal or interest is overdue and other risk signs, into pass, watchlist, substandard, doubtful and loss, each with a minimum provision.Asset QualityLoan Loss ProvisionLLPकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाA loan loss provision is an amount a bank sets aside from its profit to cover expected losses on loans that may not be repaid.Asset QualityLoan Processing Feeकर्जा प्रशासनिक सेवा शुल्कA loan processing fee is the one-time service charge a bank collects for appraising and approving a loan.Loans & CreditLoan Restructuring and Reschedulingकर्जाको पुनरसंरचना तथा पुनरतालिकीकरणRescheduling extends the repayment period of a loan; restructuring changes its nature, terms or covenants. Both are used when a borrower's repayment capacity weakens but recovery is still likely.Loans & CreditLoan Takeover and Loan Swapकर्जा खरिद-बिक्री तथा कर्जा स्वाप (टेकओभर)A loan takeover or swap is when one bank buys or takes over a borrower's loan from another bank, usually because the borrower moves to the new bank for better terms.Loans & CreditLoan Write-offकर्जा अपलेखनA loan write-off removes an uncollectible, fully provided loan from the bank's books, while the bank keeps trying to recover it.Asset QualityLoan against Fixed Depositमुद्दती रसिदको धितो कर्जाA loan against a fixed deposit is a loan secured by a lien on the borrower's fixed deposit receipt, usually priced as a margin over the deposit rate.Loans & CreditLoan against Promoter Sharesसंस्थापक शेयर धितो कर्जाA loan against promoter shares is a loan secured by the promoter (founder) shares of a bank or financial institution, which NRB allows only under strict valuation and tenure limits.Loans & CreditLoan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)LTVकर्जा-मूल्य अनुपात (ऋण मूल्य अनुपात)The loan-to-value ratio compares the loan amount with the market value of the asset pledged as security, showing how much of the collateral value is financed.RatioLoans & CreditLoss Given Default (LGD)LGDडिफल्टमा हुने नोक्सानी अनुपातLoss given default is the share of an exposure that a lender expects to lose if the borrower defaults, after recoveries from collateral and other sources.RatioAsset QualityLoss Loanखराब कर्जाA loss loan is a non-performing loan overdue by more than one year, or affected by serious problems such as misuse or a missing borrower, that is considered largely uncollectible and needs a 100% provision.Asset QualityMacroprudential Regulationसमष्टिगत विवेकशील नियमनRegulatory tools aimed at the stability of the financial system as a whole, limiting system-wide risks such as excessive credit growth or asset bubbles, rather than the safety of individual banks alone.Monetary Policy & NRBManager's Chequeम्यानेजर्स चेक (बैंकर्स चेक)A cheque issued by a bank on itself, signed by its authorised officers, for an amount the customer has already paid to the bank, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsMargin Depositमार्जिन निक्षेपMoney a customer deposits with the bank, and the bank holds back, as partial or full security against a non-funded facility such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee.Deposits & AccountsMargin Lendingमार्जिन प्रकृतिको कर्जा (शेयर धितो कर्जा)Margin lending is a loan given against listed shares pledged as security, where the bank lends only a part of the share value and asks for more security if prices fall.Loans & CreditMargin of SafetyMOSसुरक्षा सीमाMargin of safety is the amount by which actual or budgeted sales exceed break-even sales.Profitability & Financial AnalysisMarket Riskबजार जोखिमMarket risk is the risk of loss from movements in market prices such as interest rates, exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices.Risk & ComplianceMaterial Alterationमूलभूत केरमेटA change in an essential part of a negotiable instrument, such as the amount, date or payee, that alters its meaning, form or the parties' liability (NI Act, 2034, Section 61).Cheques & InstrumentsMaturity Gap Analysisभुक्तानी अवधि अन्तर विश्लेषणA method that places a bank's assets and liabilities into time bands by remaining maturity and measures the gap between them in each band, to show when the bank may face a funding shortfall.RatioLiquidityMerchant Discount RateMDRमर्चेन्ट डिस्काउन्ट दरThe merchant discount rate is the fee, usually a percentage of the transaction value, that a merchant pays its acquiring bank for accepting card or digital payments.Payments & Digital BankingMerger and AcquisitionM&Aगाभ्ने गाभिने तथा प्राप्तिA merger combines two or more BFIs into one (either a new entity or the survivor), while an acquisition is one BFI buying all or a controlling part of another's assets, liabilities or shares.Banking BasicsMerger and Acquisition Bylaws, 2073बैङ्क तथा वित्तीय संस्था एक आपसमा गाभ्ने गाभिने (मर्जर) तथा प्राप्ति (एक्विजिशन) सम्बन्धी विनियमावली, २०७३Nepal Rastra Bank bylaws that set the procedure, approvals and conditions for mergers and acquisitions of banks and financial institutions under Chapter 10 of BAFIA, 2073.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Minimum Balanceन्यूनतम मौज्दातThe lowest amount a bank asks a customer to keep in a current or saving account under the product's terms.Deposits & AccountsMinimum Paid-up Capital Requirementन्यूनतम चुक्ता पुँजीThe smallest amount of paid-up capital NRB requires a licensed bank or financial institution of each class and operating area to hold.Capital & BaselMobile (Ghumti) Banking Serviceघुम्ती बैंकिङ सेवाBanking service provided from an office set up in a vehicle that visits places without banking access on a schedule, under NRB's Unified Directive.Banking BasicsMonetary Policyमौद्रिक नीतिThe central bank's policy of managing money supply, interest rates and liquidity to achieve price stability, external stability and support for economic growth.Monetary Policy & NRBMonetary Transmission Mechanismमौद्रिक प्रसार संयन्त्रThe channels through which a change in the central bank's policy rate or liquidity affects market interest rates, credit, asset prices, the exchange rate and finally output and inflation.Monetary Policy & NRBMoney LaunderingMLसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणMoney laundering is converting, transferring, hiding or using property derived from crime so that its illegal origin is concealed and it appears legitimate.Risk & ComplianceMoney Marketमुद्रा बजारThe money market is the market for borrowing and lending short-term funds, usually with maturities of up to one year, through instruments such as treasury bills, interbank loans, repo and call money.Economy & MarketsMoney Multipliermमुद्रा गुणकThe ratio of the money supply to reserve money, showing how many rupees of money the banking system creates from each rupee of high-powered money.RatioMonetary Policy & NRBMoney Supply (M1, M2)मुद्राप्रदायThe total stock of money held by the public in an economy. NRB measures it as narrow money (M1), M1+, broad money (M2) and broad money liquidity (M3).Monetary Policy & NRBMoral Suasionनैतिक दबाबA qualitative monetary tool in which the central bank persuades banks, through meetings, appeals and public statements, to act in line with policy without issuing binding rules.Monetary Policy & NRBMortgage Loanधितोबन्धक कर्जा (मोर्गेज कर्जा)A mortgage loan is a loan secured by immovable property such as land or a building, where the borrower keeps possession but the lender holds a registered charge until the loan is repaid.Loans & CreditMultiple Bankingबहुबैंकिङ कर्जाMultiple banking is when one borrower takes separate loans from several banks without a common consortium agreement, each bank lending and securing its loan on its own.Loans & CreditMutual EvaluationMERपारस्परिक मूल्याङ्कनA mutual evaluation is a peer review in which experts from other member countries assess a country's technical compliance with the FATF Recommendations and the effectiveness of its AML/CFT system.Risk & ComplianceMutual Fundसामूहिक लगानी कोषA mutual fund pools money from many investors and invests it in a diversified portfolio of securities managed by a professional fund manager, with investors owning units of the fund.Economy & MarketsNEPSE Indexनेप्से परिसूचकThe NEPSE Index is the main stock market index of Nepal, measuring the overall price movement of shares listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange, weighted by market capitalisation.Economy & MarketsNPL Ratioनिष्क्रिय कर्जा अनुपातThe NPL ratio is the share of non-performing loans in a bank's total loans and advances, and is the main measure of asset quality.RatioAsset QualityNRB Bondनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ऋणपत्रA debt security issued by Nepal Rastra Bank itself to absorb liquidity from the banking system, used especially for structural excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBNRB Unified Directivesएकीकृत निर्देशनThe consolidated set of prudential and regulatory directives that Nepal Rastra Bank issues to licensed banks and financial institutions, updated periodically to include all circulars issued since the previous edition.Monetary Policy & NRBNational Incomeराष्ट्रिय आयNational income is the total income earned by a country's residents from production in a year; its main measures are GDP, GNI (GNP), NNP and national income at factor cost.Economy & MarketsNational Payment SwitchNPSराष्ट्रिय भुक्तानी स्विचThe National Payment Switch is the core infrastructure, mandated by Nepal Rastra Bank and implemented by NCHL, for routing and settling retail card and non-card payments interoperably within Nepal.Payments & Digital BankingNational Risk AssessmentNRAराष्ट्रिय जोखिम मूल्याङ्कनA national risk assessment is a country-level study that identifies the main money laundering and terrorist financing threats, vulnerable sectors and overall risk so that policy and resources can be targeted.Risk & ComplianceNegotiable Instrumentविनिमेय अधिकारपत्रA written instrument for payment of money that can be transferred by delivery or endorsement so that the transferee becomes the holder; under Nepal's NI Act, 2034 it means a promissory note and a bill of exchange, which includes cheques and drafts.Cheques & InstrumentsNepal Bank LimitedNBLनेपाल बैंक लिमिटेडNepal Bank Limited is the first bank of Nepal, established on Kartik 30, 1994 BS (15 November 1937) under the Nepal Bank Act, and is now a Class A commercial bank with majority government ownership.InstitutionsNepal Bankers' AssociationNBAनेपाल बैंकर्स संघThe Nepal Bankers' Association is the industry association of commercial banks in Nepal that coordinates its members, promotes uniform banking standards and represents banks before regulators and the government.InstitutionsNepal Clearing House LimitedNCHLनेपाल क्लियरिङ हाउस लिमिटेडNepal Clearing House Limited is the public company, set up under NRB's leadership, that operates Nepal's national clearing and retail payment systems such as electronic cheque clearing, interbank payments and connectIPS.InstitutionsNepal Financial Reporting StandardsNFRSनेपाल वित्तीय प्रतिवेदन मानNFRS are Nepal's accounting standards, based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), that govern how entities prepare and present financial statements.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNepal Insurance AuthorityNIAनेपाल बीमा प्राधिकरणThe Nepal Insurance Authority is the sole regulator of the insurance business in Nepal, responsible for licensing, regulating, inspecting and supervising insurers and insurance intermediaries.InstitutionsNepal Rastra BankNRBनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकNepal Rastra Bank is the central bank of Nepal, responsible for monetary and foreign exchange policy, regulating and supervising banks and financial institutions, issuing currency and overseeing the payment system.InstitutionsNepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058NRB Actनेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क ऐन, २०५८The Act that establishes Nepal Rastra Bank as Nepal's autonomous central bank and gives it power over monetary policy, foreign exchange, currency issue, payment systems and the regulation and supervision of banks and financial institutions.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Nepal Rastra Bank Prompt Corrective Action Bylaws, 2074PCA Bylawsनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक, बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाको शीघ्र सुधारात्मक कारबाही सम्बन्धी विनियमावली, २०७४Nepal Rastra Bank bylaws that set graded, automatic corrective actions against a bank or financial institution whose capital fund ratio falls below the required minimum.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Nepal Stock ExchangeNEPSEनेपाल स्टक एक्सचेन्ज (नेपाल धितोपत्र विनिमय बजार)NEPSE is Nepal's only operating stock exchange, where listed shares, debentures and mutual fund units are traded in the secondary market.InstitutionsNepal-India Currency Pegनेपाली-भारतीय रुपैयाँ स्थिर विनिमय दरThe Nepal-India currency peg is the fixed exchange rate arrangement under which the Nepali rupee is kept at NPR 1.60 per Indian rupee.Forex & Trade FinanceNet Interest IncomeNIIखुद ब्याज आम्दानीNet interest income is the difference between the interest a bank earns on its assets and the interest it pays on its liabilities.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNet Interest MarginNIMखुद ब्याज मार्जिनNet interest margin is net interest income expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisNet Liquid Assets to Total Deposit RatioNLA Ratioखुद तरल सम्पत्ति र कुल निक्षेप अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's liquid assets, minus borrowings repayable within 90 days, to its total deposits. NRB uses it as a supervisory liquidity measure under the capital frameworks and in the CD ratio penalty rule.RatioLiquidityNet Profit Marginखुद नाफा मार्जिनNet profit margin is net profit after tax expressed as a percentage of total revenue or sales.RatioProfitability & Financial Analysis