471 entries
Know Your CustomerKYCग्राहक पहिचानKYC is the process by which a bank identifies a customer and verifies that identity with reliable documents before and during a business relationship. It is the first line of defence against money laundering, fraud and terrorist financing.Risk & ComplianceLarge Borrower Reportingठूला ऋणीको विवरणLarge borrowers are customers whose loans exceed an NRB threshold (Rs 5 crore for commercial banks, Rs 2 crore for development banks and finance companies), whose details banks must report to NRB every quarter.Asset QualityLedgerखाता बहीA ledger is the book of accounts in which entries from the journal are posted and grouped account by account to show each account's balance.Profitability & Financial AnalysisLender of Last ResortLOLRअन्तिम ऋणदाताThe central bank's role of lending to banks in exceptional circumstances when they cannot get funds elsewhere, to prevent a liquidity problem from becoming a bank failure or a system-wide crisis.Monetary Policy & NRBLetter of CreditLCप्रतीतपत्रA letter of credit is a bank's written undertaking, issued on behalf of a buyer, to pay the seller a stated amount provided the seller presents documents that comply with the terms of the credit.Forex & Trade FinanceLeverage Ratioलिभरेज अनुपातA simple, non-risk-based ratio of Tier 1 capital to a bank's total on- and off-balance-sheet exposure. It acts as a backstop to the risk-weighted capital ratio.RatioCapital & BaselLienलियन (रोक्का राख्ने अधिकार)A lien is a creditor's right to keep possession of a debtor's property or funds until the debtor pays what is owed.Loans & CreditLimited Banking Unitसीमित बैंकिङ इकाइA small office opened by a BFI, staffed regularly or on fixed days, to provide limited banking services in unbanked areas outside the Kathmandu Valley and other cities.Banking BasicsLiquid Assetsतरल सम्पत्तिAssets that a bank can convert into cash quickly and with little loss, such as cash in vault, balances with NRB and other banks, call money and government securities.LiquidityLiquidity Coverage RatioLCRतरलता कभरेज अनुपातA Basel III standard requiring banks to hold enough unencumbered high-quality liquid assets to cover their total net cash outflows over a 30-day stress period.RatioLiquidityLiquidity Crunchतरलता अभावA situation in which banks run short of loanable funds, so interbank rates rise, lending slows and banks compete for deposits.LiquidityLiquidity Managementतरलता व्यवस्थापनThe way a bank plans and controls its cash, liquid assets and funding so that it can meet withdrawals and payment obligations on time at reasonable cost, while still earning on idle funds.LiquidityLiquidity Riskतरलता जोखिमLiquidity risk is the risk that a bank cannot meet its payment obligations, such as deposit withdrawals, when they fall due without unacceptable cost or loss.Risk & ComplianceLoan / Creditकर्जा / ऋणA loan is money a bank lends to a borrower on agreed terms, to be repaid with interest within a fixed time. Credit is the wider idea of trust that lets a borrower receive funds or facilities now and pay later.Loans & CreditLoan Classification (Pass, Watchlist, Substandard, Doubtful, Loss)कर्जा वर्गीकरण (असल, सूक्ष्म निगरानी, कमसल, शंकास्पद, खराब)Loan classification is the grouping of loans by how long principal or interest is overdue and other risk signs, into pass, watchlist, substandard, doubtful and loss, each with a minimum provision.Asset QualityLoan Guarantee Commissionकर्जा जमानत कमिशनA guarantee commission is the fee a bank or guarantor charges for standing guarantee for a customer's obligation, usually as a percentage of the guaranteed amount for the guarantee period.Loans & CreditLoan Loss ProvisionLLPकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्थाA loan loss provision is an amount a bank sets aside from its profit to cover expected losses on loans that may not be repaid.Asset QualityLoan Processing Feeकर्जा प्रशासनिक सेवा शुल्कA loan processing fee is the one-time service charge a bank collects for appraising and approving a loan.Loans & CreditLoan Restructuring and Reschedulingकर्जाको पुनरसंरचना तथा पुनरतालिकीकरणRescheduling extends the repayment period of a loan; restructuring changes its nature, terms or covenants. Both are used when a borrower's repayment capacity weakens but recovery is still likely.Loans & CreditLoan Takeover and Loan Swapकर्जा खरिद-बिक्री तथा कर्जा स्वाप (टेकओभर)A loan takeover or swap is when one bank buys or takes over a borrower's loan from another bank, usually because the borrower moves to the new bank for better terms.Loans & CreditLoan Write-offकर्जा अपलेखनA loan write-off removes an uncollectible, fully provided loan from the bank's books, while the bank keeps trying to recover it.Asset QualityLoan against Fixed Depositमुद्दती रसिदको धितो कर्जाA loan against a fixed deposit is a loan secured by a lien on the borrower's fixed deposit receipt, usually priced as a margin over the deposit rate.Loans & CreditLoan against Promoter Sharesसंस्थापक शेयर धितो कर्जाA loan against promoter shares is a loan secured by the promoter (founder) shares of a bank or financial institution, which NRB allows only under strict valuation and tenure limits.Loans & CreditLoan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)LTVकर्जा-मूल्य अनुपात (ऋण मूल्य अनुपात)The loan-to-value ratio compares the loan amount with the market value of the asset pledged as security, showing how much of the collateral value is financed.RatioLoans & CreditLoss Given Default (LGD)LGDडिफल्टमा हुने नोक्सानी अनुपातLoss given default is the share of an exposure that a lender expects to lose if the borrower defaults, after recoveries from collateral and other sources.RatioAsset QualityLoss Loanखराब कर्जाA loss loan is a non-performing loan overdue by more than one year, or affected by serious problems such as misuse or a missing borrower, that is considered largely uncollectible and needs a 100% provision.Asset QualityMacroprudential Regulationसमष्टिगत विवेकशील नियमनRegulatory tools aimed at the stability of the financial system as a whole, limiting system-wide risks such as excessive credit growth or asset bubbles, rather than the safety of individual banks alone.Monetary Policy & NRBManager's Chequeम्यानेजर्स चेक (बैंकर्स चेक)A cheque issued by a bank on itself, signed by its authorised officers, for an amount the customer has already paid to the bank, so that payment is assured.Cheques & InstrumentsMargin Callमार्जिन कलA margin call is a lender's demand that a borrower add cash or more security when the value of pledged shares or gold falls and the loan-to-value ratio rises above the agreed level.Loans & CreditMargin Depositमार्जिन निक्षेपMoney a customer deposits with the bank, and the bank holds back, as partial or full security against a non-funded facility such as a letter of credit or bank guarantee.Deposits & AccountsMargin Lendingमार्जिन प्रकृतिको कर्जा (शेयर धितो कर्जा)Margin lending is a loan given against listed shares pledged as security, where the bank lends only a part of the share value and asks for more security if prices fall.Loans & CreditMargin of SafetyMOSसुरक्षा सीमाMargin of safety is the amount by which actual or budgeted sales exceed break-even sales.Profitability & Financial AnalysisMarket Riskबजार जोखिमMarket risk is the risk of loss from movements in market prices such as interest rates, exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices.Risk & ComplianceMaterial Alterationमूलभूत केरमेटA change in an essential part of a negotiable instrument, such as the amount, date or payee, that alters its meaning, form or the parties' liability (NI Act, 2034, Section 61).Cheques & InstrumentsMaturity Gap Analysisभुक्तानी अवधि अन्तर विश्लेषणA method that places a bank's assets and liabilities into time bands by remaining maturity and measures the gap between them in each band, to show when the bank may face a funding shortfall.RatioLiquidityMerchant Discount RateMDRमर्चेन्ट डिस्काउन्ट दरThe merchant discount rate is the fee, usually a percentage of the transaction value, that a merchant pays its acquiring bank for accepting card or digital payments.Payments & Digital BankingMerger and AcquisitionM&Aगाभ्ने गाभिने तथा प्राप्तिA merger combines two or more BFIs into one (either a new entity or the survivor), while an acquisition is one BFI buying all or a controlling part of another's assets, liabilities or shares.Banking BasicsMerger and Acquisition Bylaws, 2073बैङ्क तथा वित्तीय संस्था एक आपसमा गाभ्ने गाभिने (मर्जर) तथा प्राप्ति (एक्विजिशन) सम्बन्धी विनियमावली, २०७३Nepal Rastra Bank bylaws that set the procedure, approvals and conditions for mergers and acquisitions of banks and financial institutions under Chapter 10 of BAFIA, 2073.ActBanking Laws (Acts)MeroShareमेरो शेयरMeroShare is the online portal of CDS and Clearing Limited through which investors view their demat holdings, apply for public issues through C-ASBA and manage share transfers.Payments & Digital BankingMicroeconomics and Macroeconomicsसूक्ष्म अर्थशास्त्र र बृहत् अर्थशास्त्रMicroeconomics studies the behaviour of individual units such as consumers, firms and markets; macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole, including national income, inflation, unemployment and growth.Economy & MarketsMinimum Balanceन्यूनतम मौज्दातThe lowest amount a bank asks a customer to keep in a current or saving account under the product's terms.Deposits & AccountsMinimum Paid-up Capital Requirementन्यूनतम चुक्ता पुँजीThe smallest amount of paid-up capital NRB requires a licensed bank or financial institution of each class and operating area to hold.Capital & BaselMinor's Accountनाबालकको खाताA deposit account opened in the name of a person below the age of majority, operated by a natural or legal guardian until the minor becomes an adult.Deposits & AccountsMobile (Ghumti) Banking Serviceघुम्ती बैंकिङ सेवाBanking service provided from an office set up in a vehicle that visits places without banking access on a schedule, under NRB's Unified Directive.Banking BasicsMobile Bankingमोबाइल बैंकिङMobile banking is the provision of banking services through a mobile phone, using an app, USSD or SMS, so customers can check balances, transfer funds and make payments.Payments & Digital BankingMonetary Policyमौद्रिक नीतिThe central bank's policy of managing money supply, interest rates and liquidity to achieve price stability, external stability and support for economic growth.Monetary Policy & NRBMonetary Transmission Mechanismमौद्रिक प्रसार संयन्त्रThe channels through which a change in the central bank's policy rate or liquidity affects market interest rates, credit, asset prices, the exchange rate and finally output and inflation.Monetary Policy & NRBMoney LaunderingMLसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणMoney laundering is converting, transferring, hiding or using property derived from crime so that its illegal origin is concealed and it appears legitimate.Risk & ComplianceMoney Marketमुद्रा बजारThe money market is the market for borrowing and lending short-term funds, usually with maturities of up to one year, through instruments such as treasury bills, interbank loans, repo and call money.Economy & MarketsMoney Multipliermमुद्रा गुणकThe ratio of the money supply to reserve money, showing how many rupees of money the banking system creates from each rupee of high-powered money.RatioMonetary Policy & NRBMoney Supply (M1, M2)मुद्राप्रदायThe total stock of money held by the public in an economy. NRB measures it as narrow money (M1), M1+, broad money (M2) and broad money liquidity (M3).Monetary Policy & NRBMoral Suasionनैतिक दबाबA qualitative monetary tool in which the central bank persuades banks, through meetings, appeals and public statements, to act in line with policy without issuing binding rules.Monetary Policy & NRBMortgage Loanधितोबन्धक कर्जा (मोर्गेज कर्जा)A mortgage loan is a loan secured by immovable property such as land or a building, where the borrower keeps possession but the lender holds a registered charge until the loan is repaid.Loans & CreditMultiple Bankingबहुबैंकिङ कर्जाMultiple banking is when one borrower takes separate loans from several banks without a common consortium agreement, each bank lending and securing its loan on its own.Loans & CreditMutual EvaluationMERपारस्परिक मूल्याङ्कनA mutual evaluation is a peer review in which experts from other member countries assess a country's technical compliance with the FATF Recommendations and the effectiveness of its AML/CFT system.Risk & ComplianceMutual Fundसामूहिक लगानी कोषA mutual fund pools money from many investors and invests it in a diversified portfolio of securities managed by a professional fund manager, with investors owning units of the fund.Economy & MarketsNEPALPAY QRनेपालपे क्युआरNEPALPAY QR is the QR payment scheme of Nepal Clearing House Limited, implemented under NRB's NepalQR standard as part of the National Payment Switch.Payments & Digital BankingNEPSE Indexनेप्से परिसूचकThe NEPSE Index is the main stock market index of Nepal, measuring the overall price movement of shares listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange, weighted by market capitalisation.Economy & MarketsNPL Ratioनिष्क्रिय कर्जा अनुपातThe NPL ratio is the share of non-performing loans in a bank's total loans and advances, and is the main measure of asset quality.RatioAsset QualityNRB Bondनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ऋणपत्रA debt security issued by Nepal Rastra Bank itself to absorb liquidity from the banking system, used especially for structural excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRB