481 entries
Mutual EvaluationMERपारस्परिक मूल्याङ्कनA mutual evaluation is a peer review in which experts from other member countries assess a country's technical compliance with the FATF Recommendations and the effectiveness of its AML/CFT system.Risk & ComplianceMutual Fundसामूहिक लगानी कोषA mutual fund pools money from many investors and invests it in a diversified portfolio of securities managed by a professional fund manager, with investors owning units of the fund.Economy & MarketsNEPALPAY QRनेपालपे क्युआरNEPALPAY QR is the QR payment scheme of Nepal Clearing House Limited, implemented under NRB's NepalQR standard as part of the National Payment Switch.Payments & Digital BankingNEPSE Indexनेप्से परिसूचकThe NEPSE Index is the main stock market index of Nepal, measuring the overall price movement of shares listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange, weighted by market capitalisation.Economy & MarketsNPL Ratioनिष्क्रिय कर्जा अनुपातThe NPL ratio is the share of non-performing loans in a bank's total loans and advances, and is the main measure of asset quality.RatioAsset QualityNRB Bondनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ऋणपत्रA debt security issued by Nepal Rastra Bank itself to absorb liquidity from the banking system, used especially for structural excess liquidity.Monetary Policy & NRBNRB Unified Directivesएकीकृत निर्देशनThe consolidated set of prudential and regulatory directives that Nepal Rastra Bank issues to licensed banks and financial institutions, updated periodically to include all circulars issued since the previous edition.Monetary Policy & NRBNational Incomeराष्ट्रिय आयNational income is the total income earned by a country's residents from production in a year; its main measures are GDP, GNI (GNP), NNP and national income at factor cost.Economy & MarketsNational Payment SwitchNPSराष्ट्रिय भुक्तानी स्विचThe National Payment Switch is the core infrastructure, mandated by Nepal Rastra Bank and implemented by NCHL, for routing and settling retail card and non-card payments interoperably within Nepal.Payments & Digital BankingNational Payments InterfaceNPIराष्ट्रिय भुक्तानी इन्टरफेसThe National Payments Interface is NCHL's consolidated open API platform that gives participants access to multiple payment systems, such as NCHL-IPS and the Retail Payment Switch, through one interface.Payments & Digital BankingNational Risk AssessmentNRAराष्ट्रिय जोखिम मूल्याङ्कनA national risk assessment is a country-level study that identifies the main money laundering and terrorist financing threats, vulnerable sectors and overall risk so that policy and resources can be targeted.Risk & ComplianceNear Field CommunicationNFCनिकट क्षेत्र सञ्चारNFC is a short-range wireless technology that lets two devices exchange data when held a few centimetres apart, used for tap-and-pay card and mobile payments.Payments & Digital BankingNegotiable Instrumentविनिमेय अधिकारपत्रA written instrument for payment of money that can be transferred by delivery or endorsement so that the transferee becomes the holder; under Nepal's NI Act, 2034 it means a promissory note and a bill of exchange, which includes cheques and drafts.Cheques & InstrumentsNegotiable Instruments Act, 2034NI Actविनिमेय अधिकारपत्र ऐन, २०३४The Act that defines promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques and sets the rules for their negotiation, endorsement, presentment, payment, dishonour and crossing.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Neo Bankनियो बैंकA digital-first financial institution, usually technology or fintech led, that offers banking services only through mobile apps and online platforms without physical branches.Banking BasicsNepal Bank LimitedNBLनेपाल बैंक लिमिटेडNepal Bank Limited is the first bank of Nepal, established on Kartik 30, 1994 BS (15 November 1937) under the Nepal Bank Act, and is now a Class A commercial bank with majority government ownership.InstitutionsNepal Bankers' AssociationNBAनेपाल बैंकर्स संघThe Nepal Bankers' Association is the industry association of commercial banks in Nepal that coordinates its members, promotes uniform banking standards and represents banks before regulators and the government.InstitutionsNepal Chartered Accountants Act, 2053नेपाल चार्टर्ड एकाउन्टेन्ट्स ऐन, २०५३The Act that establishes the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) to develop and regulate the accounting and auditing profession, including accounting and auditing standards boards.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Nepal Clearing House LimitedNCHLनेपाल क्लियरिङ हाउस लिमिटेडNepal Clearing House Limited is the public company, set up under NRB's leadership, that operates Nepal's national clearing and retail payment systems such as electronic cheque clearing, interbank payments and connectIPS.InstitutionsNepal Financial Reporting StandardsNFRSनेपाल वित्तीय प्रतिवेदन मानNFRS are Nepal's accounting standards, based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), that govern how entities prepare and present financial statements.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNepal Insurance AuthorityNIAनेपाल बीमा प्राधिकरणThe Nepal Insurance Authority is the sole regulator of the insurance business in Nepal, responsible for licensing, regulating, inspecting and supervising insurers and insurance intermediaries.InstitutionsNepal Rastra BankNRBनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकNepal Rastra Bank is the central bank of Nepal, responsible for monetary and foreign exchange policy, regulating and supervising banks and financial institutions, issuing currency and overseeing the payment system.InstitutionsNepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058NRB Actनेपाल राष्ट्र बैङ्क ऐन, २०५८The Act that establishes Nepal Rastra Bank as Nepal's autonomous central bank and gives it power over monetary policy, foreign exchange, currency issue, payment systems and the regulation and supervision of banks and financial institutions.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Nepal Stock ExchangeNEPSEनेपाल स्टक एक्सचेन्ज (नेपाल धितोपत्र विनिमय बजार)NEPSE is Nepal's only operating stock exchange, where listed shares, debentures and mutual fund units are traded in the secondary market.InstitutionsNepal-India Currency Pegनेपाली-भारतीय रुपैयाँ स्थिर विनिमय दरThe Nepal-India currency peg is the fixed exchange rate arrangement under which the Nepali rupee is kept at NPR 1.60 per Indian rupee.Forex & Trade FinanceNet Interest IncomeNIIखुद ब्याज आम्दानीNet interest income is the difference between the interest a bank earns on its assets and the interest it pays on its liabilities.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNet Interest MarginNIMखुद ब्याज मार्जिनNet interest margin is net interest income expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisNet Liquid Assets to Total Deposit RatioNLA Ratioखुद तरल सम्पत्ति र कुल निक्षेप अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's liquid assets, minus borrowings repayable within 90 days, to its total deposits. NRB uses it as a supervisory liquidity measure under the capital frameworks and in the CD ratio penalty rule.RatioLiquidityNet Profit Marginखुद नाफा मार्जिनNet profit margin is net profit after tax expressed as a percentage of total revenue or sales.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisNet Stable Funding RatioNSFRखुद स्थिर कोष अनुपातA Basel III standard that requires a bank's available stable funding to be at least equal to its required stable funding over a one-year horizon, limiting reliance on short-term funding for long-term assets.RatioLiquidityNominal Anchorनाममात्रको अङ्कुशA nominal variable that a central bank fixes or targets to tie down the price level and inflation expectations. Nepal's nominal anchor is the fixed exchange rate of the Nepali rupee with the Indian rupee.Monetary Policy & NRBNomineeइच्छाएको व्यक्ति (नोमिनी)The person an account holder names in advance to receive the deposit if the account holder dies.Banking BasicsNon-banking AssetsNBAगैरबैंकिङ सम्पत्तिNon-banking assets are properties, usually land and buildings, that a bank takes over in its own name from defaulting borrowers when the collateral cannot be sold at auction.Asset QualityNon-interest Incomeगैरब्याज आम्दानीNon-interest income is a bank's income from sources other than interest, such as fees, commissions, foreign exchange gains and service charges.Profitability & Financial AnalysisNon-performing Loan (NPL / NPA)NPLनिष्क्रिय कर्जाA non-performing loan is a loan on which principal or interest has been overdue for more than three months, or that NRB rules otherwise treat as impaired; in Nepal it covers substandard, doubtful, loss and restructured or rescheduled loans.Asset QualityNostro Accountनस्ट्रो खाताA nostro account is a bank's own account held with a correspondent bank abroad, denominated in that foreign country's currency.Forex & Trade FinanceNot Negotiable Crossingविनिमेय गर्न नसकिने रेखाङ्कनA crossing that includes the words "not negotiable", so that a person taking the cheque cannot obtain or give a better title than the person from whom it was received (NI Act, 2034, Section 89).Cheques & InstrumentsNoting and Protestअनादर जनाउने र प्रमाणित गराउने (नोटिङ र प्रोटेस्ट)Noting is a notary public's record on a dishonoured instrument of the fact, date and reason of dishonour; protest is the notary's formal certificate of that dishonour, used as evidence (NI Act, 2034, Sections 71 to 77).Cheques & InstrumentsOpen Bankingखुला बैंकिङOpen banking is the practice of banks securely sharing customer-permitted data and payment functions with authorised third parties through standard APIs.Payments & Digital BankingOpen Market OperationsOMOखुला बजार कारोबारThe buying and selling of government or central bank securities, and related repo and deposit operations, by NRB to inject or absorb liquidity in the banking system.Monetary Policy & NRBOperating Leverageसञ्चालन लिभरेजOperating leverage measures how sensitive operating profit is to a change in sales, arising from the presence of fixed operating costs.Profitability & Financial AnalysisOperating Targetसञ्चालन लक्ष्यThe short-term financial variable that a central bank controls directly day to day through its instruments in order to reach its intermediate and final goals. NRB's operating target is the weighted average interbank rate of BFIs.Monetary Policy & NRBOperational Riskसञ्चालन जोखिमOperational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.Risk & ComplianceOrder Chequeअह्राएकोलाई भुक्तानी हुने चेक (अर्डर चेक)A cheque payable to a named person or to anyone that person orders, transferable only by endorsement and delivery.Cheques & InstrumentsOutright Sale and Purchase Auctionसोझै खरिद तथा बिक्री बोलकबोलOpen market operations in which NRB permanently buys or sells government securities through auctions, with no agreement to reverse the deal.Monetary Policy & NRBOverdraftODअधिविकर्ष (ओभरड्राफ्ट)An overdraft lets a customer withdraw more than the balance in a current account, up to an approved limit, and pay interest only on the amount actually used.Loans & CreditPaid-up Capitalचुक्ता पुँजीThe part of a company's issued share capital that shareholders have actually paid in full. For a bank it is the base of core capital and is used to judge size and strength.Capital & BaselPari Passu Chargeपारिपासु (समान हैसियतको धितो)Pari passu means "on an equal footing": lenders sharing a pari passu charge have equal rights over the same security, and recoveries are shared in proportion to their loans.Loans & CreditPass Loanअसल कर्जाA pass loan is a performing loan that is not overdue or is overdue by at most one month, and carries the lowest provision.Asset QualityPayment Gatewayपेमेन्ट गेटवेA payment gateway is a service that securely captures and transmits online payment details from a website or app to banks or payment networks for authorisation.Payments & Digital BankingPayment Processingभुक्तानी प्रशोधनPayment processing is the sequence of steps by which an electronic payment is initiated, authorised, cleared and settled between payer and payee.Payments & Digital BankingPayment Service ProviderPSPभुक्तानी सेवा प्रदायकA payment service provider is an institution licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank to offer electronic payment services, such as wallets, directly to customers.Payments & Digital BankingPayment System OperatorPSOभुक्तानी प्रणाली सञ्चालकA payment system operator is an institution licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank to operate the infrastructure that switches, clears and settles payments among banks, wallets and card networks.Payments & Digital BankingPayment and Settlement Act, 2075भुक्तानी तथा फर्स्यौट ऐन, २०७५The Act that provides for the development, licensing, oversight and regulation of payment, clearing and settlement systems in Nepal, with Nepal Rastra Bank as the regulator.ActBanking Laws (Acts)Payment in Due Courseरीतपूर्वकको भुक्तानीPayment of the amount stated in a negotiable instrument to the person in possession of it, made in good faith and without negligence (NI Act, 2034, Section 2(त)).Cheques & InstrumentsPenal Interestपेनाल ब्याज (हर्जाना ब्याज)Penal interest is the extra interest a bank charges on overdue principal or instalments when a borrower fails to pay on the due date.Loans & CreditPer Capita Incomeप्रतिव्यक्ति आयPer capita income is a country's total national income divided by its population, showing the average income per person in a year.Economy & MarketsPerformance Guaranteeकार्यसम्पादन जमानतA performance guarantee is a bank guarantee that compensates the beneficiary if a contractor or supplier fails to perform the contract as agreed.Forex & Trade FinancePerforming Loanसक्रिय कर्जाA performing loan is a loan on which principal and interest are being paid on time or are overdue by at most three months; in Nepal it covers the pass and watchlist classes.Asset QualityPersonal Guaranteeव्यक्तिगत जमानीA personal guarantee is a promise by an individual (or an institution, for a corporate guarantee) to repay a borrower's loan if the borrower fails to pay.Loans & Credit