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CDS and Clearing LimitedCDSCसीडीएस एन्ड क्लियरिङ लिमिटेडCDS and Clearing Ltd is Nepal's central securities depository, which holds shares and bonds in electronic (demat) form and clears and settles trades made on NEPSE.InstitutionsCall Depositकल निक्षेपA deposit payable on demand or at very short notice that earns a small interest; in Nepal it is mostly used by institutions to park surplus funds and cannot be operated by cheque.Deposits & AccountsCancelled Chequeरद्द गरिएको चेकA cheque marked as cancelled, usually with two lines and the word "CANCELLED" across it, so that it cannot be used for payment; often used only to show account details.Cheques & InstrumentsCapital Adequacy RatioCARपुँजीकोष पर्याप्तता अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's total regulatory capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to its total risk-weighted exposure. It shows how much loss-absorbing capital a bank holds against the risks in its assets and operations.RatioCapital & BaselCapital Marketपुँजी बजारThe capital market is the market for long-term funds, where shares, debentures, bonds and mutual fund units with maturities above one year are issued and traded.Economy & MarketsCash Reserve RatioCRRअनिवार्य नगद मौज्दात अनुपातThe share of a bank's total deposits that it must keep as a balance in its account with Nepal Rastra Bank. It is both a liquidity safeguard and a monetary policy tool.RatioLiquidityCentral Bankकेन्द्रीय बैंकThe apex monetary authority of a country that issues currency, conducts monetary policy, regulates banks and acts as banker to the government and to banks. In Nepal this is Nepal Rastra Bank.Banking BasicsChequeचेकA bill of exchange drawn on a specified bank and payable on demand (Negotiable Instruments Act, 2034, Section 2(ज)).Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Bounce (Dishonour)चेक अनादर (चेक बाउन्स)Refusal by the drawee bank to pay a cheque, most commonly because the drawer's account has insufficient funds, but also for reasons such as signature mismatch, closed account or stop payment.Cheques & InstrumentsCheque Clearingचेक क्लियरिङ (चेक समाशोधन)The process by which a cheque deposited at one bank (presenting bank) is sent to the bank on which it is drawn (paying bank) for payment, and the resulting amounts are settled between the banks.Cheques & InstrumentsChief Risk OfficerCROप्रमुख जोखिम अधिकृतThe Chief Risk Officer is the senior official who heads a bank's independent risk management function and reports risk exposures to the board-level risk management committee.Risk & ComplianceClass A: Commercial Bank"क" वर्ग: वाणिज्य बैंकA bank licensed by NRB in class "A" under BAFIA 2073, permitted to carry out the widest range of banking and financial transactions in Nepal.Banking BasicsClass B: Development Bank"ख" वर्ग: विकास बैंकA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "B" under BAFIA 2073 that must use the words "development bank" in its name and may carry out a defined subset of banking transactions.Banking BasicsClass C: Finance Company"ग" वर्ग: वित्त कम्पनीA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "C" under BAFIA 2073 that must use the words "finance company" in its name and may carry out a narrower set of deposit and lending activities.Banking BasicsClass D: Microfinance Financial InstitutionMFI"घ" वर्ग: लघुवित्त वित्तीय संस्थाA financial institution licensed by NRB in class "D" under BAFIA 2073 that provides small loans and related services mainly to low-income groups and their members, and must use "microfinance financial institution" in its name.Banking BasicsCollateralधितो सुरक्षणCollateral is an asset that a borrower or a third party offers to a lender as security, which the lender can sell to recover the loan if the borrower defaults.Loans & CreditCompound InterestCIचक्रीय ब्याजInterest calculated on the principal plus interest already earned, so that interest itself earns interest at each compounding period.Deposits & AccountsConnected Borrowers (Group of Related Customers)आपसी सम्बन्ध भएका ग्राहकहरूको समूहConnected borrowers are customers linked by ownership, management, family ties, guarantees or shared collateral, whom NRB treats as one group for the single obligor limit.Asset QualityConsortium Financingसह-वित्तीयकरण कर्जाConsortium financing is a loan given jointly by two or more banks to one borrower or project under an agreement, usually with one bank acting as the lead bank.Loans & CreditConsumer Price IndexCPIउपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकाङ्कAn index that measures the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a fixed basket of goods and services. Its percentage change is the usual measure of inflation in Nepal.Monetary Policy & NRBCore Capital (Tier 1)Tier 1प्राथमिक पुँजी (टियर १)The highest-quality, permanent part of a bank's capital that absorbs losses while the bank keeps operating. Under Basel III it equals Common Equity Tier 1 plus Additional Tier 1.RatioCapital & BaselCorporate Governanceसंस्थागत सुशासनCorporate governance is the system of rules, structures and practices by which a company is directed and controlled, defining the roles of the board, management, shareholders and other stakeholders.Risk & ComplianceCredit Appraisalकर्जा विश्लेषण (क्रेडिट मूल्याङ्कन)Credit appraisal is the bank's assessment of a loan proposal, covering the borrower's repayment capacity, financial position, purpose, collateral and risks, before deciding whether and on what terms to lend.Loans & CreditCredit Card Loanक्रेडिट कार्ड कर्जाA credit card loan is the revolving, usually unsecured, credit a bank extends through a credit card, which the cardholder repays in full or in part each billing cycle.Loans & CreditCredit Information Bureau of NepalCIBकर्जा सूचना केन्द्रThe Credit Information Bureau is the institution that collects borrowers' credit information from banks and financial institutions, provides credit reports to lenders, and maintains the blacklist of wilful and serious defaulters.InstitutionsCredit Information and Blacklistingकर्जा सूचना तथा कालोसूचीCredit information is the record of borrowers' loans and repayment history that banks share through Credit Information Bureau of Nepal Ltd, which also keeps the blacklist of defaulters.Loans & CreditCredit Ratingक्रेडिट रेटिङ (साख मूल्याङ्कन)A credit rating is an independent assessment by a rating agency of a borrower's or an instrument's ability and willingness to repay debt on time, shown as a letter grade.Loans & CreditCredit Riskकर्जा जोखिमCredit risk is the risk of loss when a borrower or counterparty fails to repay principal or interest, or otherwise fails to meet agreed obligations.Risk & ComplianceCredit to Core Capital plus Deposit RatioCCD Ratioकर्जा–प्राथमिक पुँजी तथा निक्षेप अनुपातThe former NRB lending limit that compared a bank's total credit with the sum of its core capital and local-currency deposits. It was replaced by the Credit to Deposit (CD) ratio.RatioLiquidityCredit to Deposit RatioCD Ratioकर्जा–निक्षेप अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's total loans and advances to its total deposits. NRB caps it to stop banks lending out more than a safe share of their deposit base.RatioLiquidityCrossed Chequeरेखाङ्कित चेकA cheque with two parallel lines across its face, which can be paid only to a banker (general crossing) or to the named banker (special crossing), not in cash over the counter.Cheques & InstrumentsCurrency Managementमुद्रा व्यवस्थापनThe central bank's function of designing, printing, issuing, distributing, withdrawing and destroying banknotes and coins, so that the economy has enough clean, genuine currency.Monetary Policy & NRBCurrent Accountचल्ती खाताA deposit account from which money can be withdrawn at any time on demand, mainly used by businesses for frequent transactions; it usually pays no interest.Deposits & AccountsCustomer Complaint and Grievance Handlingग्राहक गुनासो सुनुवाइThe system a BFI must keep to receive, record, resolve and report customer complaints, with escalation to NRB if the customer is not satisfied.Banking BasicsCustomer Due DiligenceCDDग्राहक पहिचान तथा सम्पुष्टिCDD is the full set of measures a bank takes to identify and verify a customer and beneficial owner, understand the purpose of the relationship, assess risk and keep monitoring transactions throughout the relationship.Risk & Compliance