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Book Value per ShareBVPSप्रतिशेयर किताबी मूल्यBook value per share is shareholders' equity on the balance sheet divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisCapital Adequacy RatioCARपुँजीकोष पर्याप्तता अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's total regulatory capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to its total risk-weighted exposure. It shows how much loss-absorbing capital a bank holds against the risks in its assets and operations.RatioCapital & BaselCash Reserve RatioCRRअनिवार्य नगद मौज्दात अनुपातThe share of a bank's total deposits that it must keep as a balance in its account with Nepal Rastra Bank. It is both a liquidity safeguard and a monetary policy tool.RatioLiquidityCommon Equity Tier 1CET1साधारण शेयर पुँजी (CET1)The highest-quality part of Tier 1 capital, made of common shares, share premium, statutory general reserve, retained earnings and other free reserves, net of regulatory deductions.RatioCapital & BaselCore Capital (Tier 1)Tier 1प्राथमिक पुँजी (टियर १)The highest-quality, permanent part of a bank's capital that absorbs losses while the bank keeps operating. Under Basel III it equals Common Equity Tier 1 plus Additional Tier 1.RatioCapital & BaselCost of Fundsकोषको लागतCost of funds is the average interest rate a bank pays to raise the money it lends and invests, mainly deposits and borrowings.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisCost to Income Ratioलागत-आम्दानी अनुपातThe cost to income ratio compares a bank's operating expenses with its operating income to show how efficiently it is run.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisCredit to Core Capital plus Deposit RatioCCD Ratioकर्जा–प्राथमिक पुँजी तथा निक्षेप अनुपातThe former NRB lending limit that compared a bank's total credit with the sum of its core capital and local-currency deposits. It was replaced by the Credit to Deposit (CD) ratio.RatioLiquidityCredit to Deposit RatioCD Ratioकर्जा–निक्षेप अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's total loans and advances to its total deposits. NRB caps it to stop banks lending out more than a safe share of their deposit base.RatioLiquidityCurrent Ratioचालु अनुपातThe current ratio compares current assets with current liabilities to show a firm's ability to pay short-term obligations.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisDebt Equity RatioD/Eऋण-स्वपुँजी अनुपातThe debt equity ratio compares a firm's borrowed funds with its shareholders' funds to show financial leverage.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisDebt Service to Income Ratio (DTI)DTIऋण भुक्तानी आम्दानी अनुपातThe debt service to income ratio compares a borrower's total loan repayments (principal and interest) with his or her gross income over the same period.RatioLoans & CreditDeprived Sector Lendingविपन्न वर्ग कर्जाDeprived sector lending is the minimum share of total loans that NRB requires banks to lend to low-income and socially backward people, directly or through microfinance institutions.RatioLoans & CreditDividend Payout Ratioलाभांश भुक्तानी अनुपातThe dividend payout ratio is the share of net profit that a company distributes to shareholders as dividends.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisDividend Yieldलाभांश प्रतिफलDividend yield is the annual dividend per share expressed as a percentage of the market price per share.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisEarnings per ShareEPSप्रतिशेयर आम्दानीEarnings per share is the net profit available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisInterest Coverage RatioICRब्याज भुक्तानी क्षमता अनुपातThe interest coverage ratio shows how many times a firm's operating profit covers its interest expense.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisInterest Spread Rateब्याजदर अन्तरInterest spread rate is the difference between the average interest rate a bank earns on its loans and the average interest rate it pays on its deposits.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisLeverage Ratioलिभरेज अनुपातA simple, non-risk-based ratio of Tier 1 capital to a bank's total on- and off-balance-sheet exposure. It acts as a backstop to the risk-weighted capital ratio.RatioCapital & BaselLiquidity Coverage RatioLCRतरलता कभरेज अनुपातA Basel III standard requiring banks to hold enough unencumbered high-quality liquid assets to cover their total net cash outflows over a 30-day stress period.RatioLiquidityLoan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)LTVकर्जा-मूल्य अनुपात (ऋण मूल्य अनुपात)The loan-to-value ratio compares the loan amount with the market value of the asset pledged as security, showing how much of the collateral value is financed.RatioLoans & CreditLoss Given Default (LGD)LGDडिफल्टमा हुने नोक्सानी अनुपातLoss given default is the share of an exposure that a lender expects to lose if the borrower defaults, after recoveries from collateral and other sources.RatioAsset QualityMaturity Gap Analysisभुक्तानी अवधि अन्तर विश्लेषणA method that places a bank's assets and liabilities into time bands by remaining maturity and measures the gap between them in each band, to show when the bank may face a funding shortfall.RatioLiquidityMoney Multipliermमुद्रा गुणकThe ratio of the money supply to reserve money, showing how many rupees of money the banking system creates from each rupee of high-powered money.RatioMonetary Policy & NRBNPL Ratioनिष्क्रिय कर्जा अनुपातThe NPL ratio is the share of non-performing loans in a bank's total loans and advances, and is the main measure of asset quality.RatioAsset QualityNet Interest MarginNIMखुद ब्याज मार्जिनNet interest margin is net interest income expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisNet Liquid Assets to Total Deposit RatioNLA Ratioखुद तरल सम्पत्ति र कुल निक्षेप अनुपातThe ratio of a bank's liquid assets, minus borrowings repayable within 90 days, to its total deposits. NRB uses it as a supervisory liquidity measure under the capital frameworks and in the CD ratio penalty rule.RatioLiquidityNet Profit Marginखुद नाफा मार्जिनNet profit margin is net profit after tax expressed as a percentage of total revenue or sales.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisNet Stable Funding RatioNSFRखुद स्थिर कोष अनुपातA Basel III standard that requires a bank's available stable funding to be at least equal to its required stable funding over a one-year horizon, limiting reliance on short-term funding for long-term assets.RatioLiquidityPrice Earnings RatioP/Eमूल्य-आम्दानी अनुपातThe price earnings ratio is the market price of a share divided by its earnings per share.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisPrice to Book RatioP/Bमूल्य-किताबी मूल्य अनुपातThe price to book ratio compares a share's market price with its book value per share.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisProbability of Default (PD)PDडिफल्ट हुने सम्भाव्यताProbability of default is the estimated likelihood that a borrower will default within a given time horizon, such as 12 months or the loan's life.RatioAsset QualityProvision Coverage RatioPCRकर्जा नोक्सानी व्यवस्था कभरेज अनुपातThe provision coverage ratio shows how much of a bank's non-performing loans is covered by loan loss provisions.RatioAsset QualityQuick Ratioद्रुत अनुपातThe quick ratio compares quick (liquid) assets with current liabilities, excluding inventory and prepaid expenses.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisReturn on AssetsROAसम्पत्तिमा प्रतिफलReturn on assets measures how much net profit an institution earns for every rupee of assets it holds.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisReturn on EquityROEस्वपुँजीमा प्रतिफलReturn on equity measures the net profit earned for each rupee of shareholders' funds invested in the business.RatioProfitability & Financial AnalysisSectoral Credit Concentrationक्षेत्रगत कर्जा सघनताSectoral credit concentration is the share of a bank's total loans given to one sector of the economy; NRB caps it to avoid too much exposure to any single sector.RatioAsset QualitySingle Obligor LimitSOLएकल ग्राहक कर्जा सीमाThe single obligor limit is the maximum a bank may lend, in fund-based and non-fund-based facilities together, to one customer or to a group of related customers, set as a percentage of the bank's core capital.RatioAsset QualityStatutory Liquidity RatioSLRवैधानिक तरलता अनुपातThe minimum share of domestic deposits that a bank must hold in specified liquid assets such as government securities, cash in vault and its CRR balance with NRB.RatioLiquidityTurnover Ratiosआवर्तन अनुपातहरूTurnover ratios measure how efficiently a firm uses its assets, such as inventory, receivables and fixed assets, to generate sales.RatioProfitability & Financial Analysis