Trade Finance

International trade involves two main risks: the exporter fears not being paid after shipping, and the importer fears paying without receiving the goods. Trade finance products balance these risks and provide working capital.

The main methods of payment, from most secure for the exporter to least, are: advance payment, letter of credit, documentary collection (DAP, then DAA) and open account.

Trade finance products include:

• Non-funded: letters of credit, standby LCs and bank guarantees, which generate commission income without using deposits.
• Import finance: trust receipt loans, import loans and usance LC financing.
• Export finance: pre-shipment packing credit, post-shipment negotiation and bill discounting, forfaiting and factoring.
• Risk management: forward contracts and other hedges, and export credit insurance.

Banks rely on correspondent relationships, SWIFT messaging, nostro accounts and ICC rules such as UCP 600 and URC 522.

In Nepal, trade finance is a major business line for commercial banks because of the country's large import volume. It is regulated by NRB's foreign exchange and unified directives, and banks must also apply trade-based money laundering checks, such as verifying prices, documents and customs declarations.

अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय व्यापारमा दुई मुख्य जोखिम हुन्छन्: निर्यातकर्ताले ढुवानीपछि भुक्तानी नपाउने र आयातकर्ताले भुक्तानीपछि सामान नपाउने। व्यापार वित्तले यी जोखिम सन्तुलन गरी चालु पुँजी दिन्छ।

भुक्तानी विधि (निर्यातकर्ताका लागि सबैभन्दा सुरक्षितदेखि कम): अग्रिम भुक्तानी, प्रतीतपत्र, कागजाती सङ्कलन (DAP, DAA) र खुला खाता।

उत्पादन:

• गैरकोष: प्रतीतपत्र, स्ट्यान्डबाइ प्रतीतपत्र, बैंक जमानत।
• आयात वित्त: ट्रस्ट रिसिट कर्जा, आयात कर्जा।
• निर्यात वित्त: प्याकिङ क्रेडिट, बिल वार्ता/डिस्काउन्टिङ, फरफेटिङ, फ्याक्टरिङ।
• जोखिम व्यवस्थापन: फरवार्ड सम्झौता, निर्यात कर्जा बिमा।

नेपालमा ठूलो आयातका कारण व्यापार वित्त वाणिज्य बैंकको प्रमुख कारोबार हो र नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकको विदेशी विनिमय तथा एकीकृत निर्देशनले नियमन गर्छ।