Universal Banking
युनिभर्सल बैंकिङ
Also called Financial supermarket, सर्वव्यापी बैंकिङ
A model in which one banking group offers a wide range of financial services, such as commercial banking, investment banking, securities, insurance distribution and asset management, under one roof.
Explained
Universal banking is the opposite of narrow or specialised banking, where each institution does only one type of business.
Features
- One customer relationship covers deposits, loans, cards, investment, insurance and advisory services.
- Usually run through a holding company or subsidiaries to separate risks.
Advantages
- Economies of scale and scope, cross-selling, diversified income.
- Convenience for customers ("financial supermarket").
Disadvantages
- Conflicts of interest, for example pushing in-house securities to depositors.
- Concentration of risk and "too big to fail" problems; harder supervision.
Nepal Nepal follows a partly universal approach. Commercial banks do deposit, lending, trade finance, remittance and foreign exchange themselves, while merchant banking and securities business is done through separate capital market subsidiaries that need approval and follow NRB's investment and subsidiary directive. Bancassurance, the selling of insurance through banks, was stopped in 2019 and its revival is still debated.
एउटै बैंकिङ समूहले वाणिज्य बैंकिङ, लगानी बैंकिङ, धितोपत्र, बिमा वितरण, सम्पत्ति व्यवस्थापन जस्ता धेरै वित्तीय सेवा एकै ठाउँबाट दिने मोडल।
व्याख्या
युनिभर्सल बैंकिङ, हरेक संस्थाले एक किसिमको मात्र व्यवसाय गर्ने विशिष्टीकृत बैंकिङको ठिक उल्टो हो।
विशेषता
- एउटै ग्राहक सम्बन्धबाट निक्षेप, कर्जा, कार्ड, लगानी, बिमा र परामर्श सेवा।
- जोखिम छुट्याउन प्रायः होल्डिङ कम्पनी वा सहायक कम्पनीमार्फत सञ्चालन।
फाइदा
- ठूलो स्तर र विविधताको लाभ, एकअर्का सेवा बिक्री, आम्दानीमा विविधता।
- ग्राहकलाई सुविधा ("वित्तीय सुपरमार्केट")।
बेफाइदा
- स्वार्थको द्वन्द्व, जस्तै निक्षेपकर्तालाई आफ्नै धितोपत्र बेच्न दबाब।
- जोखिमको केन्द्रीकरण र "टु बिग टु फेल" समस्या; सुपरिवेक्षण कठिन।
नेपाल नेपालमा आंशिक युनिभर्सल मोडल छ। वाणिज्य बैंकले निक्षेप, कर्जा, व्यापार वित्त, विप्रेषण र विदेशी विनिमय आफैँ गर्छन्, तर मर्चेन्ट बैंकिङ र धितोपत्र व्यवसाय छुट्टै क्यापिटल सहायक कम्पनीमार्फत गर्छन्, जसका लागि स्वीकृति चाहिन्छ र राष्ट्र बैंकको लगानी तथा सहायक कम्पनी सम्बन्धी निर्देशन लागू हुन्छ। बैंकमार्फत बिमा बिक्री (बैंकास्योरेन्स) सन् २०१९ मा रोकियो र यसको पुनःसुरुवात अझै बहसमै छ।
Related
Sources
- NRB Unified Directive 2082 for A, B and C class BFIsNepal Rastra Bank
- Beema Samiti directs insurance companies to nullify their bancassurance agreements (ShareSansar, 2019)Article
Updated